CONTENTS: List of figures x List of tables xi List of boxes xii Preface to the second edition xiv Acknowledgements xv Abbreviations xvi Glossary xviii 1. Introduction 1 PART 1 Theory : thinking about the environment 11 2. Environmental philosophy 13 Staking out the territory 14 Holistic perspectives 19 Moral extensionism 26 Conclusion : Breaking down the anthropocentric-ecocentric divide 35 3. Green political thought 41 The central ideas of ecologism 42 Traditional political ideologies and the green challenge 66 Neither left nor right but in front? 76 PART 2 Parties and movements : getting from here to there 83 4. Green parties : the rise of a new politics? 87 Green party electoral performance : an overview 88 Is there a new politics? 91 The political opportunity structure and green party success 99 Whatever happened to the environment? 109 New challenges 110 Conclusion 112 5. Party politics and the environment 115 Green parties in parliament 116 The 'greening' of established parties 127 Explaining party politicisation 138 Conclusion 140 6. Environmental groups 143 The environmental movement : an audit 144 A typology of environmental groups 146 The institutionalisation of the environmental movement 148 The resurgence of grassroots environmentalism? 155 A new civic politics? 160 The impact of the environmental movement 164 Conclusion 168 PART 3 Environmental policy : achieving a sustainable society 171 7. The environment as a policy problem 173 Core characteristics of the environment as a policy problem 174 The traditional policy paradigm 181 Political obstacles to change 182 Achieving policy change 190 Conclusion 204 8. Sustainable development and ecological modernisation 207 Sustainable development 208 Ecological modernisation : the practical solution? 227 Conclusion 237 9. Global environmental politics 241 The paradox of international co-operation 243 Environmental regimes : the ozone and climate change treaties 245 Accounting for regimes 256 Regime implementation 261 Global environmental politics and sustainable development 265 Conclusion 268 10. Globalisation, trade and the environment 271 Globalisation and the environment 272 International trade and the environment 274 The WTO and the environment 277 North American Free Trade Agreement 281 The European Union 282 Conclusion 288 11. Greening government 291 Integration 293 Planning 306 Democracy and participation 313 Conclusion 317 12. Policy instruments and implementation 321 Regulation and regulatory styles 323 Voluntary action 329 Government expenditure 332 Market-based instruments 332 Policy instruments and climate change 341 Conclusion 349 13. Conclusion 353 References 363 Index 401