CONTENTS Overview and Summary 16-1 Objectives of Pedestrian and Bicycle Improvements 16-2 Types of Pedestrian and Bicycle Improvements/Programs 16-4 Analytical Considerations 16-7 Traveler Response Summary 16-20 Response by Type of IUMT Strategy 16-34 Sidewalks and Along-Street Walking 16-34 Street Crossings 16-46 Pedestrian Zones, Malls, and Skywalks 16-54 Bicycle Lanes and Routes 16-68 Shared Use, Off-Road Paths and Trails 16-89 Pedestrian/Bicycle Systems and Interconnections 16-106 Pedestrian/Bicycle Linkages with Transit 16-126 Point-of-Destination Facilities 16-151 Pedestrian/Bicycle Friendly Neighborhoods 16-159 NMT Policies and Programs 16-181 Walking/Bicycling Promotion and Information 16-205 Underlying Traveler Response Factors 16-227 Behavioral Paradigms 16-228 Environmental Factors 16-233 Trip Factors 16-250 User Factors 16-270 Other Factors and Factor Combinations 16-283 Choice of Neighborhood/Self-Selection 16-290 Related Information and Impacts 16-297 Extent of Walking and Bicycling16-297 Characteristics of Walking and Cycling Overall 16-308 Facility Usage and User Characteristics 16-314 Travel Behavior Shifts 16-333 Time to Establish Facility Use 16-337 Safety Information and Comparisons 16-341 Public Health Issues and Relationships 16-357 Traffic, Energy, and Environmental Relationships 16-386 Economic and Equity Impacts 16-390 Additional Resources 16-406 Case Studies 16-410 Special Mini-Studies in Montgomery County, Maryland 16-410 Pedestrian Activity Effects of Neighborhood Site Design-Seattle 16-418 50 Years of Downtown NMT Facility Provisions-Minneapolis 16-419 Bicycle Lanes in the Downtown Area-Toronto, Canada 16-425 Anderson Road Bicycle Lanes-Davis, California 16-426 Six Urban, Suburban, and Semi-Rural Trails-Indiana Trails Study 16-429 Variations on Individualized Marketing in the Northwest United States 16-434 References 16-442 Photo Gallery 16-479 How to Order TCRP Report 95 16-490