C O N T E N T S Summary 1 Chapter 1? Background 3 Chapter 2? Research Approach 4 A. Development of Project 4 B. Overview of Historic Context 5 C. Survey Methodology and Field Test 6 D. Evaluation Methodology and Results 6 E. Conclusion 7 Chapter 3? Guidance for Survey and Evaluation8 A. Introduction 8 B. Project Preparation 9 1. Identify Survey Requirements 9 2. Project Scoping 9 3. Preliminary Research 9 C. Identification 10 1. Survey Methodology for Subdivisions and Neighborhoods 11 a. Recording Field Survey Data 11 b. Application of Methodology to Groupings 12 2. Selective Survey Methodology for Individual Properties 13 a. Minimal Traditional Form15 b. Cape Cod Form16 c. Transitional Ranch Form 16 d. Ranch Form 17 e. Raised Ranch Form19 f. Split-level and Split-foyer Form 19 g. Colonial Revival Style 20 h. Georgian Revival Style21 i. Storybook Style 22 j. Spanish Colonial Revival Style 22 k. Asiatic Style 22 l. Contemporary Style22 m. Prefabricated Houses 23 3. Recording Field Survey Data 24 a. Additional Streamlined Approaches 24 D. Historic Context Development25 1. Guidelines for Research 25 2. Guidelines for Developing Historic Contexts 26 E. Evaluation27 1. Evaluation Methodology: Historic Districts 28 2. Evaluation Methodology: Individual Properties 3. National Register Criterion A 28 a. Area of Significance: Community Planning and Development 29 b. Area of Significance: Social History 32 c. Area of Significance: Ethnic Heritage 34 d. Additional Areas of Significance 25 4. National Register Criterion C 35 a. Area of Significance: Architecture36 b. Area of Significance: Community Planning and Development 39 c. Area of Significance: Landscape Architecture 4 5. Integrity Requirements 41 a. Aspects of Integrity 41 6. Relationship Between Area of Significance and Integrity 43 7. Retention of Character-defining Features 43 8. Alterations43 a. Individual Residences 44 b. Historic Districts 45 9. Defining Historic Boundaries 47 F. Documentation47 G. Conclusion48 Chapter 4? National Historic Context 49 A. Introduction to Postwar Suburbanization 49 B. Transportation Trends 50 1. Automobile Age50 2. Interstate Highway Program51 3. Non-interstate Freeways and Improved Highways 53 4. Urban Mass Transit 53 5. Conclusion 54 C. Government Programs and Policies 54 1. The Legacy of the National Housing Act 54 a. Federal Housing Administration 55 2. Veteran Housing Initiative 56 3. Continuation of Federal Housing Policies 57 4. Conclusion 57 D. Social, Economic, and Cultural Trends58 1. Economic Conditions 58 2. Demographic Trends 59 a. Shifting Populations59 b. Family Size60 c. Segregation, the Civil Rights Movement, and Racial Desegregation 61 3. Consumerism and Technology 62 4. Conclusion 63 E. Planning and Development 63 1. Development Patterns 63 a. Influence of Ordinances, Codes, and Covenants 65 2. Subdivision Development 66 a. Developers and Builders66 b. National Association of Home Builders 68 c. Real Estate Companies 69 3. Advertising Trends 4. Subdivision Location, Design, and Features 72 a. Location, Plat, and Layout 73 b. Inclusion of Amenities 74 5. Utilities and Infrastructure 75 a. Streets 76 b. Sidewalks 76 c. Entrances and Perimeters 78 d. Plantings 78 6. Conclusion 79 F. Postwar Building Materials and Construction Techniques 79 1. Advances in Materials 79 a. Metals 79 b. Masonry 82 c. Wood84 d. Glass 85 e. Plastics 88 2. Mass Production, Standardization, and Prefabrication 88 3. Conclusion 90 G. Architecture, Site, and Landscape 90 1. Residential Design Characteristics91 a. Material Use 93 b. Interior94 2. Use of Plan Services and Architects 97 3. Popular Architectural Styles and Forms of the Period 99 a. Postwar Architectural Forms 99 b. Postwar Architectural Styles 108 c. Prefabricated Houses 115 4. Garages and Carports 118 5. Landscape and Site Features 119 a. Yards and Fences 119 b. Patios 120 c. Driveways and Sidewalks 121 d. Family Shelters 121 H. Conclusion 122 Chapter 5? Conclusion 123 A. Expected Benefits123 B. Dissemination of Results and Areas for Additional Research 124 Appendix A? Bibliography 126 Appendix B? Model Context Outline 134 Appendix C? Glossary of Terms and List of Abbreviations 135 Appendix D Arlington County, Virginia, 136 Model Historic Context