CONTENTS Foreword by Rosemary G. Feal xiii Preface by David G. Nicholls xvii Note on the Web Component xxi 1: Research and Writing1 1.1. The Research Paper as a Form of Exploration 3 1.2. The Research Paper as a Form of Communication 5 1.3. Selecting a Topic 6 1.3.1. Freedom of Choice 6 1.3.2. Finding an Appropriate Focus 6 1.3.3. Summing Up 7 1.4. Conducting Research 8 1.4.1. The Modern Academic Library 8 1.4.2. Library Research Sources 9 1.4.3. The Central Information System 10 1.4.4. Reference Works 10 1.4.5. The Online Catalog of Library Holdings 18 1.4.6. Full-Text Databases 24 1.4.7. Other Library Resources and Services 26 1.4.8. Web Sources 28 1.4.9. Summing Up 30 1.5. Compiling a Working Bibliography 31 1.5.1. Keeping Track of Sources 31 1.5.2. Creating a Computer File for the Working Bibliography 31 1.5.3. Recording Essential Publication Information 32 1.5.4. Noting Other Useful Information 32 1.5.5. Verifying Publication Information 32 1.5.6. Converting the Working Bibliography to the Works-Cited List 33 1.5.7. Summing Up 33 1.6. Evaluating Sources 33 1.6.1. Authority 34 1.6.2. Accuracy and Verifiability 37 1.6.3. Currency 37 1.6.4. Summing Up 38 1.7. Taking Notes 38 1.7.1. Methods of Note-Taking 38 1.7.2. Types of Note-Taking 39 1.7.3. Recording Page or Reference Numbers 39 1.7.4. Using a Computer for Note-Taking 39 1.7.5. Amount and Accuracy of Note-Taking 40 1.7.6. Summing Up 40 1.8. Outlining 41 1.8.1. Working Outline 41 1.8.2. Thesis Statement 42 1.8.3. Final Outline 43 1.8.4. Summing Up 45 1.9. Writing Drafts 46 1.9.1. The First Draft 46 1.9.2. Subsequent Drafts 46 1.9.3. Writing with a Word Processor 47 1.9.4. The Final Draft and the Research Project Portfolio 49 1.9.5. Summing Up 49 1.10. Language and Style 49 2: Plagiarism and Academic Integrity 51 2.1. Definition of Plagiarism 52 2.2. Consequences of Plagiarism 52 2.3. Information Sharing Today 54 2.4. Unintentional Plagiarism 55 2.5. Forms of Plagiarism 56 2.6. When Documentation Is Not Needed. 59 2.7. Related Issues 59 2.7.1. Reusing a Research Paper 59 2.7.2. Collaborative Work 59 2.7.3. Research on Human Subjects 60 2.7.4. Copyright Infringement 60 2.8. Summing Up 60 3: The Mechanics of Writing 63 3.1. Spelling 65 3.1.1. Consistency 65 3.1.2. Word Division 65 3.1.3. Plurals 65 3.1.4. Foreign Words 66 3.2. Punctuation 66 3.2.1. The Purpose of Punctuation 66 3.2.2. Commas 66 3.2.3. Semicolons 70 3.2.4. Colons 70 3.2.5. Dashes and Parentheses 71 3.2.6. Hyphens 72 3.2.7. Apostrophes 74 3.2.8. Quotation Marks 75 3.2.9. Square Brackets 76 3.2.10. Slashes 76 3.2.11. Periods, Question Marks, and Exclamation Points 77 3.2.12. Spacing after Concluding Punctuation Marks 77 3.3. Italics 78 3.3.1. Words and Letters Referred to as Words and Letters 78 3.3.2. Foreign Words in an English Text 79 3.3.3. Emphasis 79 3.4. Names of Persons 79 3.4.1. First and Subsequent Uses of Names 79 3.4.2. Titles of Persons 80 3.4.3. Names of Authors and Fictional Characters 81 3.5. Numbers 81 3.5.1. Arabic Numerals 81 3.5.2. Use of Words or Numerals 81 3.5.3. Commas in Numbers 83 3.5.4. Percentages and Amounts of Money 83 3.5.5. Dates and Times of the Day 83 3.5.6. Inclusive Numbers 84 3.5.7. Roman Numerals 85 3.6. Titles of Works in the Research Paper 86 3.6.1. Capitalization and Punctuation 86 3.6.2. Italicized Titles 88 3.6.3. Titles in Quotation Marks 89 3.6.4. Titles and Quotations within Titles 89 3.6.5. Exceptions 91 3.6.6. Shortened Titles 92 3.7. Quotations 92 3.7.1. Use and Accuracy of Quotations 92 3.7.2. Prose 93 3.7.3. Poetry 95 3.7.4. Drama 96 3.7.5. Ellipsis 97 3.7.6. Other Alterations of Sources 101 3.7.7. Punctuation with Quotations 102 3.7.8. Translations of Quotations 104 3.8. Capitalization and Personal Names in Languages Other Than English 105 3.8.1. French 105 3.8.2. German 107 3.8.3. Italian 109 3.8.4. Spanish 110 3.8.5. Latin 112 4: The Format of the Research Paper115 4.1. Margins 116 4.2. Text Formatting 116 4.3. Heading and Title 116 4.4. Page Numbers 117 4.5. Tables and Illustrations 118 4.6. Paper and Printing 121 4.7. Corrections and Insertions 121 4.8. Binding 121 4.9. Electronic Submission 122 5: Documentation: Preparing the List of Works Cited123 5.1. Documenting Sources 126 5.2. MLA Style 126 5.3. The List of Works Cited 129 5.3.1. Introduction 129 5.3.2. Placement of the List of Works Cited 130 5.3.3. Arrangement of Entries 131 5.3.4. Two or More Works by the Same Author 133 5.3.5. Two or More Works by the Same Authors 134 5.3.6. Cross-References 135 5.4. Citing Periodical Print Publications 136 5.4.1. Introduction 136 5.4.2. An Article in a Scholarly Journal 137 5.4.3. An Article in a Scholarly Journal That Uses Only Issue Numbers 140 5.4.4. An Article in a Scholarly Journal with More Than One Series 141 5.4.5. An Article in a Newspaper 141 5.4.6. An Article in a Magazine 142 5.4.7. A Review 144 5.4.8. An Abstract in an Abstracts Journal 145 5.4.9. An Anonymous Article 145 5.4.10. An Editorial 146 5.4.11. A Letter to the Editor 146 5.4.12. A Serialized Article 146 5.4.13. A Special Issue 147 5.5. Citing Nonperiodical Print Publications 148 5.5.1. Introduction 148 5.5.2. A Book by a Single Author 148 5.5.3. An Anthology or a Compilation 153 5.5.4. A Book by Two or More Authors 154 5.5.5. A Book by a Corporate Author 156 5.5.6. A Work in an Anthology 157 5.5.7. An Article in a Reference Book 160 5.5.8. An Introduction, a Preface, a Foreword, or an Afterword 161 5.5.9. An Anonymous Book 162 5.5.10. A Scholarly Edition 162 5.5.11. A Translation 164 5.5.12. An Illustrated Book or a Graphic Narrative 165 5.5.13. A Book Published in a Second or Subsequent Edition 167 5.5.14. A Multivolume Work 168 5.5.15. A Book in a Series 170 5.5.16. A Republished Book or Journal Issue 171 5.5.17. A Publisher's Imprint 173 5.5.18. A Book with Multiple Publishers 173 5.5.19. A Brochure, Pamphlet, or Press Release 174 5.5.20. A Government Publication 174 5.5.21. The Published Proceedings of a Conference 177 5.5.22. A Book in a Language Other Than English 178 5.5.23. A Book Published before 1900 178 5.5.24. A Book without Stated Publication Information or Pagination 179 5.5.25. An Unpublished Dissertation 180 5.5.26. A Published Dissertation 180 5.6. Citing Web Publications 181 5.6.1. Introduction 181 5.6.2. A Nonperiodical Publication 184 5.6.3. A Scholarly Journal 190 5.6.4. A Periodical Publication in an Online Database 192 5.7. Citing Additional Common Sources 193 5.7.1. A Television or Radio Broadcast 193 5.7.2. A Sound Recording 195 5.7.3. A Film or a Video Recording 197 5.7.4. A Performance 198 5.7.5. A Musical Score or Libretto 199 5.7.6. A Work of Visual Art 200 5.7.7. An Interview 201 5.7.8. A Map or Chart 202 5.7.9. A Cartoon or Comic Strip 202 5.7.10. An Advertisement 203 5.7.11. A Lecture, a Speech, an Address, or a Reading 203 5.7.12. A Manuscript or Typescript 203 5.7.13. A Letter, a Memo, or an E-Mail Message 204 5.7.14. A Legal Source 205 5.7.15. An Article in a Microform Collection of Articles 206 5.7.16. An Article Reprinted in a Loose-Leaf Collection of Articles 207 5.7.17. A Publication on CD-ROM or DVD-ROM 207 5.7.18. A Digital File 210 5.8. A Work in More Than One Publication Medium 211 6: Documentation: Citing Sources in the Text213 6.1. Parenthetical Documentation and the List of Works Cited 214 6.2. Information Required in Parenthetical Documentation 214 6.3. Readability 216 6.4. Sample References 219 6.4.1. Citing an Entire Work, Including a Work with No Page Numbers 219 6.4.2. Citing Part of a Work 220 6.4.3. Citing Volume and Page Numbers of a Multivolume Work 222 6.4.4. Citing a Work Listed by Title 223 6.4.5. Citing a Work by a Corporate Author 224 6.4.6. Citing Two or More Works by the Same Author or Authors 225 6.4.7. Citing Indirect Sources 226 6.4.8. Citing Common Literature 226 6.4.9. Citing More Than One Work in a Single Parenthetical Reference 229 6.5. Using Notes with Parenthetical Documentation 230 6.5.1. Content Notes 230 6.5.2. Bibliographic Notes 231 7: Abbreviations 233 7.1. Introduction 234 7.2. Time Designations 235 7.3. Geographic Names 236 7.4. Common Scholarly Abbreviations and Reference Words 240 7.5. Publishers' Names 247 7.6. Symbols and Abbreviations Used in Proofreading and Correction 249 7.6.1. Selected Proofreading Symbols 249 7.6.2. Common Correction Symbols and Abbreviations 250 7.7. Titles of Works 250 7.7.1. Bible 251 7.7.2. Works by Shakespeare 253 7.7.3. Works by Chaucer 254 7.7.4. Other Works 255 APPENDIX A: Guides to Writing257 A.I. Introduction 258 A.2. Dictionaries of Usage 258 A.3. Guides to Nondiscriminatory Language 259 A.4. Books on Style 260 APPENDIX B: Specialized Style Manuals261 Index 265