Contents List of Abbreviations vii Chief Participants in the Seminar viii List of Stylistic Conventions ix DORIS METH SRINIVASAN.- Introduction xi PART I: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 1. ROSHAN DALAL: The Historical Geography of the Mathura Region 3 2. ROMILA THAPAR : The Early History of Mathura: Up to and Including the Mauryan Period 12 3. B. D. CHATTOPADHYAYA : Mathura from Suiiga to the Kusana Period: An Historical Outline 19 PART II: SOCIETY AND ECONOMY 4. R. S. SHARMA: Trends in the Economic History of Mathura (c. 300 B.C.- A.D. 300) 31 5. RICHARD SALOMON : Daily Life in Ancient Mathura 39 6. SHIVA G. BAJPAI: Mathura: Trade Routes, Commerce, and Communication Patterns, Post-Mauryan Period to End of the Kusana Period 46 7. B. N. MUKHERJEE : Growth of Mathura and Its Society (Up to the End of the Kusana Age) 59 8. J. E. VAN LOHUIZEN-DE LEEiw: Foreign Elements in Indian Culture Introduced during the Scythian Period with Special Reference to Mathura 72 PART III: RELIGIOUS SECTS 9. JOHN C. HUNTINGTON: Mathura Evidence for the Early Teachings of Mahayana 85 10. ALF HILTEBEITEL : Krsna at Mathura 93 11. KENDALL W. FOLKERT: Jain Religious Life at Ancient Mathura: The Heritage of Late Victorian Interpretation 103 PART IV: NUMISMATICS 12. A. K. NARAIN: Ancient Mathura and the Numismatic Material.115 13. A. K. SRIVASTAVA : Treasure Trove Finds from Mathura 119 14. PARMESHWARILALGUPTA: Early Coins of Mathura Region 124 15. SUNIL C.RAY: Stratigraphic Evidence of Coins from Excavations at Mathura 140 16. JAI PRAKASH SINGH : Study of Local Coin Types of Mathura with Particular Reference to Religious Motifs 146 17. D. W. MACDOWALL : The Pattern of the Kusana Copper Coinage and the Role of Mathura 153 PARTY: ARCHAEOLOGY 18. M. C.JOSHi: Mathura as an Ancient Settlement 165 19. JIM G. SHAFFER: Mathura: A Protohistoric Perspective 171 20. HERBERT HARTEL : Pottery of Mathura 181 21. GERARD FUSSMAN : The Mat devakula: A New Approach to Its Understanding 193 22. C. MARGABANDHU: Etched Beads from Mathura Excavations-A Note 200 PART VI: LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE 23. UMAKANT P. SHAH AND ERNEST BENDER : Mathura and Jainism 209 24. PADMANABH S. JAINI : Political and Cultural Data in References to Mathura in the Buddhist Literature 214 25. NORVINHEIN: Kalayavana, A Key to Mathuri's Cultural Self-Perception 223 26. ALEX WAYMAN : The Mathura Set of Astamarigala (Eight Auspicious Symbols) in Early and Later Times 236 27. M. A. MEHENDALE: Language of Mathura Inscriptions 247 PART VII: EPIGRAPHY 28. D. C. SIRCAR: Observations on the Study of Some Epigraphic Records from Madiura 257 29. T. P. VERMA : Progress of Modification of the Alphabet as Revealed by Coins, Seals and Inscriptions from Mathura 261 30. TH. DAMSTEEGT: The Pre-Kusana and Kusana Inscriptions and the Supercession of Prakrit by Sanskrit in North India in General and at Madiura in Particular 298 31. R. C.SHARMA: New Inscriptions from Mathura 308 32. AjAY MTTRA SHASTRI : Modification of Early Braml into Middle BramI and Late Brimi Stages at Mathura 316 PART VIII: ART AND ICONOGRAPHY 33. JOANNA G. WILLIAMS: The Case of the Omitted Hundreds: Stylistic Development in Madiura Sculpture of the Kusana Period 325 34. N. P.JOSHi: Early Jaina Icons from Mathura 332 35. GRITLIV. MITTERWALLNER: Yaksas of Ancient Mathura 368 36. DORIS METH SRINIVASAN: Vaisnava Art and Iconography at Mathura 383 INDEX 393