Contents Summary i Contents iii List of Figures vii List of Tables ix List of Abbreviations xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Problem statement 1 1.1.1Feldspar classification 2 1.1.2 Thermal infrared spectroscopy3 1.2 Research objectives 4 1.3 Test area 4 1.3.1 Geologic setting 4 1.3.2 Hydrothermal alteration 11 1.3.3 Mineralization 14 1.4 Structure of the thesis 15 2 TIR spectroscopy of feldspars - a review 17 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Analytical methods 17 2.2.1 Traditional methods 17 2.2.2 Infrared spectroscopy 19 2.3 Discussion 27 2.3.1 Application to airborne imagery 32 2.3.2 Existing and upcoming sensors 33 2.4 Conclusions 34 3 Laboratory spectrometer setup 37 3.1 Introduction 37 3.1.1 Background 39 3.3 Measurement Procedures 43 3.3.1Instrument Preparation43 3.3.2Sample Preparation 43 3.3.3Settings 43 3.3.4Measurement Sequence 44 3.3.5Background Radiation Removal 45 3.3.6Calculation of Reflectance and Emissivity Spectra 45 3.4 Standards 46 3.4.1Quartz Sand 47 3.4.2Water 47 3.5 Results 47 3.5.1Reproducibility 47 3.5.2Absolute Reflectance Values 49 3.6 Discussion and Recommendations 52 4 Laboratory TIR spectroscopy and PLSR modeling 55 4.1 Introduction55 4.1.1Differences to existing approaches 55 4.2 Methodology 57 4.2.1Modal Mineralogy 57 4.2.2Thermal Infrared Spectroscopy 57 4.2.3Partial Least Squares Regression 58 4.3 Results 61 4.3.1TIR Spectra 61 4.3.2PLSR Model Outputs 63 4.3.3Measured Versus Predicted 65 4.3.4 Ternary Plot 67 4.3.5Error Estimates 69 4.4 Discussion 70 4.5 Conclusions 73 5 Modeling the response of the airborne SEBASS sensor 75 5.1 Introduction 75 5.1.1 Description of SEBASS 75 5.2 Methodology 76 5.2.1 Spectral resampling 76 5.2.2 Additive noise 76 5.2.3 Additive, multiplicative and tilt distortions 76 5.2.4 PLSR modeling 77 5.3 Results and discussion 78 5.3.1Changes in spectral shape 78 5.3.2PLSR results with SEBASS-modeled spectra 78 5.3.3 Additive, multiplicative and tilt distortions 81 5.4 Conclusions 84 6 Airborne TIR imaging spectroscopy and PLSR modeling 85 6.1 Introduction 85 6.1.1Existing work 85 6.1.2 SEBASS acquisition 87 6.2 Preprocessing of SEBASS data 88 6.2.1 Spectral Subsetting 89 6.2.2 Bad cell and desTriping 89 6.2.3 MNF 91 6.2.4 Atmospheric correction and TeS 92 6.2.5 Normalization 94 6.3 Partial Least Squares Modeling 95 6.4 Geometric correction 96 6.5 Results 96 6.5.1 Preprocessing 96 6.5.2 PLSR results 99 6.5.3 Mapping the Batholith 111 6.6 Discussion 113 6.6.1 The SEBASS dataset 113 6.6.2 PLSR results 115 6.7 Conclusions 116 7 Synthesis: Mapping feldspars, what's new? 119 7.1 Introduction 119 7.2 Laboratory domain 119 7.3 Airborne domain 121 7.3.1No more dirty hands? 122 7.4 Progress made 123 7.4.1 Spectroscopy of feldspars 123 7.4.2 Yerington Porphyry Copper System 124 7.5 Future work 125 A Sample descriptions 127 B PLSR model details 131 C Spatial uncertainty in SEBASS 141 Bibliography 143 Samenvatting 157 Acknowledgments 159 Biography 161 Author's publications 163