Preface xiil List of contributors xv Part 1Cements Cements 1/3 Graeme Moir 1.1 Introduction 1/3 1.2History of Portland cement manufacture 1/3 1.3Chemistry of clinker manufacture 1/5 1.3.1 Raw materials 1/5 1.3.2 The modern rotary kiln 1/6 1.3.3 Clinkering reactions and the materials present in Portland cement clinker 1/8 1.3.4 The conlrol ratios 1/10 1.3.5 Calculation of clinker compound composition 1/12 1.3.6 Influence of minor constituents 1/12 1.4Cement grinding 1/14 1.5Portland cement hydration 1/15 1.5.1 Introduction 1/15 1.5.2 Hydration of silicates 1/15 1.5.3 Hydration of QA and C4AF 1/16 1.5.4 Hydration of Portland cement . 1/17 1.5.5 Optimization of level of rapidly soluble calcium sulfate 1/20 1.5.6 Techniques used to study hydration 1/21 1.5.7 Constilution of hydrated cement paste 1/22 1.6Portland cement types 1/22 1.6.1 Standards 1/22 1.6.2 Main cement types . 1/23 1.6.3 The European Standard for Common Cements (EN 197-1) 1/27 1.6.4 Other European cement standards 1/32 1.6.5 Other national standards 1/32 1.7Cement production quality control 1/33 1.8Influence of cement quality control parameters on properties 1/36 1.8.1 Key parameters 1/36 1.8.2 Water demand (workability) 1/36 1.8.3 Setting time 1/37 1.8.4 Strength development 1/37 1.9Relationship between laboratory mortar results and field concrete 1/42 1.10 Applications for different cement types 1/42 1.11 Health and safety aspects of cement use 1/43 References 1/45 2 Calcium aluminate cements 2/1 Karen Scrivener 2.1 Introduction 2/1 2.1.1 Terminology 2/3 2.2Chemistry and mineralogy of CACs 2/3 2.2.1 Basics of hydration and conversion 2/6 2.2.2 Impact of conversion 2/9 2.3Properties of fresh CAC concrete - setting, workability, heat evolution 2/12 2.3.1 Setting 2/12 2.3.2 Workability 2/12 2.3.3 Rate of reaction and heat evolution 2/13 2.3.4 Shrinkage 2/14 2.4Strength development 2/15 2.4.1 Importance of watcr-to-cement ratio and control of concrete quality 2/16 2.4.2 Other factors affecting conversion and strength development 2/18 2.5Other engineering properties 2/19 2.6Supplementary cementing materials 2/19 2.7Durability/resistance to degradation 2/19 2.7.1 Reinforcement corrosion 2/20 2.7.2 Sutfate attack 2/20 2.7.3 Freeze-thaw damage 2/21 2.7.4 Alkaline hydrolysis 2/21 2.8Structural collapses associated with CAC concrete 2/21 2.9Modern uses of CAC concrete 2/23 2.9.1 Resistance to acids/sewage networks 2/23 2.9.2 Resistance to abrasion and impact 2/24 2.9.3 Rapid strength development 2/25 2.9.4 Thermal resistance 2/25 2.10 Use of CACs in mixed binder systems 2/26 2.10.1Stability of ettringite-containing systems 2/28 2.10.2 Dimensional stability of ettringite-containing systems and shrinkage compensations 2/28 3.7.2 Mctakaolin production 3/49 3.7.3 Physical properties 3/49 3.7.4 Reaction mechanisms 3/49 3.7.5 National standards 3/51 3.7.6 The effect of metakaolin on the properties of concrete 3/51 3.7.7 The durability of metakaolin concrete 3/54 3.7.8 Compatibility with blended cements 3/57 3.7.9 Efflorescence 3/57 3.7.10 Summary 3/57 3.8 Limestone 3/58 3.8.1 Limestone filler 3/58 References 3/59 Part 3Admixtures 4 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout 4/3 John Dransfield 4.1 Introduction 4/3 4.1.1 Definition and descripton 4/3 4.1.2 Brief history of admixture use 4/4 4.1.3 Admixture standards and types 4/4 4.1.4 Admixture mechanism of action 4/5 4.1.5 Rheology and admixtures 4/6 4.1.6 Cement and concrete chemistry in relation to admixtures 4/7 4.2Dispersing admixtures 4/9 4.2.1 Normal plasticizers 4/9 4.2.2 Superplastici?ers 4/10 4.2.3 Chemical structure of dispersing admixtures 4/10 4.2.4 Dispersing mechanism 4/13 4.2.5 Normal plastici/er performance and applications 4/15 4.2.6 Superplastici/er performance and applications 4/16 4.3Retarding and retarding plasticlzers/superplasticizing admixtures 4/17 4.3.1 Mechanism of retardation 4/17 4.3.2 Workability retention 4/18 4.3.3 Sel retardation 4/19 4.3.4 Retarder performance and applications 4/19 4.4Accelerating admixtures 4/20 4.4.1 Mechanism of acceleration 4/21 4.4.2 Accelerator performance and applications 4/21 4.5Air-entraining admixtures 4/21 4.5.1 Factors affecting air entrainment 4/22 4.5.2 Freeze-thaw resistance 4/23 4.5.3 Air entrainment to reduce bleed 4/24 4.5.4 Compaction and adhesion of low-workability mixes 4/24 4.5.5 Bedding mortars and renders 4/25 4.6Water resisting (waterproofing) 4/25 4.6.1 Mechanism 4/26 4.6.2 Admixiure selection 4/26 4.7Corrosion-inhibiting admixtures 4/26 4.7.1 Mechanism 4/27 4.7.2 Use of corrosion inhibitors 4/27 4.8Shrinkage-reducing admixtures 4/28 4.8.1 Mechanism 4/28 4.8.2 Use of shrinkage-reducing admixtures 4/29 4.9Anti- wash out/underwater admixtures 4/29 4.9.1 Mechanism 4/29 4.9.2 Use 4/30 4.10 Pumping aids 4/30 4.11 Sprayed concrete admixtures 4/31 4.12 Foamed concrete and CLSM 4/31 4.13 Other concrete admixtures 4/32 4.13.1 Polymer dispersions 4/32 4.13.2 Pre-cast semi-dry admixtures 4/32 4.13.3 Truck washwater admixtures 4/32 4.14 Mortar admixtures 4/33 4.15 Grout admixtures 4/34 4.16 Admixture supply 4/34 4.16.1 Suppliers 4/34 4.16.2 Storage 4/35 4.16.3 Dispensers 4/35 4.16.4 Time of admixture addition 4/35 4.17 Health and safety 4/36 Further reading 4/36 Part 4 Aggregates Geology, aggregates and classification 5/3 Alan Poole and lan Sims 5.1 Introduction 5/3 5.2Fundamentals 5/4 5.3Geological classification of rocks 5/6 5.4Sources and types of aggregates 5/12 5.4.1 Temperate fluvial environments 5/16 5.4.2 Glacial and periglacial regions 5/17 5.4.3 Hot desert regions 5/20 5.4.4 Tropical hot wet environments 5/21 5.5Classification of aggregates 5/21 5.6Aggregate quarry assessment 5/23 5.7Deleterious materials in aggregates 5/25 5.7.1 Interference with the setting of the concrete 5/26 5.7.2 Modification to the strength and durability characteristics of a concrete 5/29 5.7.3 Unsound aggregate particles in concrete 5/29 References 5/34 6 Aggregate prospecting and processing 6/1 Mark Mum'n-Earp 6.1 Aims and objectives 6/1 6.2Introduction 6/1 6.3Extraction and processing of sand and gravel 6/2 6.4Processing 6/5 6.5Extraction and processing of limestone 6/10 6.6Summary 6/11 Further reading 6/11 7 Lightweight aggregate manufacture 7/1 P.L Owens and J.B. Newman 7.1 Introduction, definitions and limitations 7/1 7.2Lightweight aggregates suitable for use in structural concrete 7/2 7.3Brief history of lightweight aggregate production 7/3 7.4Manufacturing considerations for structural grades of lightweight aggregate 7/4 7.4.1 Investment 7/4 7.4.2 Resources materials 7/4 7.4.3 Processes of lightweight aggregate manufacture 7/5 7.4.4 Production techniques 7/5 7.5Production methods used for various lightweight aggregates 7/6 7.5.1 Foamed slag aggregate 7/6 7.5.2 Pelleti?ed expanded blastfurnace slag aggregate 7/6 7.5.3 Sintered pulverized fuel ash (PFA) aggregate 7/7 7.5.4 Expanded clay aggregate 7/K 7.5.5 Expanded shale and slate aggregate 7/9 7.6The future 7/10 7.7Conclusions 7/11 References 7/12 8 The effects of natural aggregates on the properties of concrete 8/1 John Lay 8.1 Aims and objectives 8/1 8.2Brief history 8/1 8.3 Introduction 8/2 8.4Classification 8/2 8.5 Sampling 8/2 8.6Grading 8/3 8.7Maximum size of aggregate 8/6 8.HAggregate shape and surface texture 8/6 8.9Aggregate strength 8/8 8.10 Aggregate density 8/8 8.11 Drying shrinkage 8/9 8.12 Soundness 8/10 8.13 Thermal Properties 8/11 8.14 Fines Content8/11 8.15 Impurities 8/12 8.16 Summary8/13 References 8/14 Further reading 8/15 Index 1/1