CONTENTS Disclaimer 1. Introduction 2 1.1 What is retrofitting? 2 1.2 The difference between retrofitting and repair. 2 1.3 Why is retrofitting needed? 2 1.4 When is retrofitting needed? 4 2. The Process of Retrofitting non-engineered structures 5 2.1 Systematic approach to diagnosis 5 2.2 Retrofitting of Non Engineered Structure 7 o Steps to a Lineout 8 o FAQs about Lineout 10 2.3 Options for retrofitting: 12 A. Installing a lintel belt B. Corner Strengthening C. Gable Bracing D. Roof bracing In-plan E. Plinth Protection F. Crack sealing A. Installing a lintel belt 12 A.1 Lineout 13 A.2 Chipping of Plaster 13 A.3 Drilling of Header 14 A.4 Reinforcement preparation 16 o FAQs about Header installation 17 A.5 Concreting of Header 18 A.6 First coat of plaster/micro-concrete 20 A.7 Fixing of Weldmesh 21 A.8 Second coat of plaster/micro-concrete 23 o FAQs about Lintel Belts 23 B. Corner Strengthening 24 B.I Line-out of corner 25 B.2 Chipping of plaster, drilling of holes, and foundation excavation 27 B.3 Cutting of reinforcement 27 B.4 Installation of vertical steel headers and Ferro-Cement Bandages 29 B.5 Finishing 30 o FAQs about Corner strengthening 31 C. Gable Bracing 32 C.I Lineout 33 C.2 Drilling of Headers 33 C.3 Reinforcement Preparation 34 C.4 Concreting of Headers 34 C.5 Cross-bracing and stressing 35 D. In-Plan Roof bracing 36 D.1 Lineout 37 D.2 Drilling of Rafters 37 D.3 Fixing perpendicular ties 38 D.4 Cross-bracing and stressing 38 o Cyclone protection of sloping roof 39 o FAQs about Roof bracing in-plan 40 E. Plinth Protection 41 E. 1 Lineout 42 E. 2 Foundation PCC and mesh-fixing 43 E. 3 Finishing 43 F. Crack sealing 45 F. 1 Using Ferro-Cement Bandages 46 F. 2 Using stapler for crack-sealing 47 3. Annexure 49 4. References 51