Prefacexiii LiSt of contiburors xv Part I Fresh concrete 1 Fresh concrete P.L. Domone I.1 Introduction 1.2 Workability 1.2.1Terminology and definitions 1.2.2 Measurement of workability by quntitative empirical methods 1.2.3 Rheology ol liquids, and solid suspensions 1.2.4 Tests oncement paste L.Z.J Tests on concrete 1.2.6 Relation of single-point test measurement to Bingham constants 1.2.7 Cohesion. segregation and stability 1.2.8 Quality control with rheological tests 1.2.9 Rheology of high-performance concrete 1.3Loss of workability 1.4Placing and compaction 1.5 Segregation and bleed after placing References Further reading Relevant standards Part 2 Setting and hardening of concrete 2. Plastic and thermal cracking Richard Day and John Clarke 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Plastic Cracking 2.3 Plastic Settlement Cracks 2.3.1 The Mechanism of plastic settlement 2.3.2 Visual appearance 2.3.3Prevention of plastic Settlement cracking 2.3.4 Remedial measures 2.4 Plastic shrinkage cracks 2.4.1 The mechanism of plastic shrinkage 2.4.2 Visual apperance 2.4.3 Prevantion of plastic shrincage 2.4.4 Remedial measure 2.5 Other cracks in plastic concrete 2.6Early thermal contraction cracks 2.6.1 The mechanism of thermal contraction 2.6.2 Limiting temperature 2.6.3 Control of cracking 2.6.4 Visual appearance 2.7 Curling 2.8 Crazing 2.8.1 The mechanism of crazing 2.8.2 Visual appearance 2.9 Long-term drying shrinkage cracks 2.9.1 The mechanism of long-term drying shrinkage 2.9.2 Visual appearance Referances Further reading 3 Curing Bryan Marsh 3.1 Aims and objectives 3.2What is curing? 3.3Why cure concrete? 3.4How can curing be achieved in practice? 3.5Which curing method is best ? 3.5.1Retention of framwork 3.5.2Impermeable coverings 3.5.3Absorptive coverings 3.5.4Water addition 3.5.5Curing membranes 3.6Protection against vibration 3.7 Is curing always effective? 3.8 How long should curing be applied ? 3.8.1The effect of cement type 3.9When is curing of particular importance ? 3.10Effect of temperature 3.11What happens if concrete is not cured properly? 3.12The effect of curing: On strength 3.13The maturity concept for estimation of required curing duration 3.14Some international curing specifications 3.15Some food for thought 3.16 Summary and conclusion References Further reading 4 Concrete properties : setting and hardening Tom Harrison 4.1 Strength development 4.1.1Learning objectives 4.1.2Background 4.1.3Mechanism of strength development 4.1.4 comparison of strength development 4.1.5 Temperature and temperature history 4.1.6Curing conditions 4.1.7Monitoring rate of strength development 4.2Maturity and: accented curing 4.2.1Learning objectives 4.2.2Concept of maturity 4.2.3Maturity laws 4.2.4Calculations of maturity 4.2.8 Effect of accelerated curing on concrete properties 4.3 Assessment of safe striking times 4-3.1Learning objectives 4.3.2 Main external factor that affect striking times 4.3.3 Calculation of safe formwork striking times 4.3.4 Effects of the concrete on formwork striking times 4.3.5 Principal recommendations for formwork striking times References further reading 5 Hot and cold weather concreting E.A. Kay 5.1 Introduction 5.2Hot weather concreting 5.2.1 Hot weather Effects 5.2.2 Control measures 5.3Cold weather concreting 5.3.1 Cold Weather effects 5.3.2Maturity 5.3.3 Heat transfer and heat loss 5.3.4 Control measure References Part 3 Properties of hardened concrete 6 Strength and failure of concrete under short-term, cyclic and sustained John Newman 6.1 Deformation, fractuer and failure 6.1.1The structure of concrete 6.1.2 Stresses andstrains 6.1.3 Delbrrastion and failure theories 6.1.4 Deformation of concrete 6.1.5 Modulus of elasticity '(E-value) 6.1.6 Poisson's ratio 6.1.7 Fractures and failure of concrete under uniaxial loading 6.2 Behaviour of concrete under multiaxial stress 6.2.1Introduction 6.2.2 TRansmission of load through different material 6.2.3 Choice of loading technique 6.2.4 Behaviour of concrete under biaxial stress 6.2.5 Behaviour of concrete under triaixial stress References 7 Elasticity, shrinkage,creep and thermal movement Jeff Brooks 7.1 Learning objectives 7.2 Introduction 7.3 Elasticity 7.4 Shrinkage 7.4.1Structure of cement paste 7 .4.2 Mechanism of shrinkage 7.4,3Measurement of shrinkage 7.4.4Factors in shrinkage 7.4,5 Carbonation of shrinkage 7,4.6Prediction of shrinkage 7.4.7 Effects of drying shrinkage 7.5 Creep 7 .5 . 1 Measurement of creep 7.5.2Mechanism of creep 7 .5 .3Factors in creep 7.5,4Prediction of creep 7.5.5Effects of creep 7.6Thermal movement 7.7Summary References Part 4 Durability of concrete and concrete 8 Durability concept: pore structure and trnsport processes Lars-Olof Nilsson 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Durability concept ' 8.3 Forms of physical and chemical deterioration 8.4 Transport processes 8.4.1 Significance of transport processes 8.4.2Transport mechanisms 8.4.3Transport laws in general 8.4.4Moisture transport 8.4.5Carbonation 8.4.6Chloride ingress 8.4.7Boundary conditions 8.4.8Transport properties of site concrete 8.4.9Methods for measuring transport properties 8.5 Summary ami conclusions References Further reading 9 Reinforcement corrosion G.K. Glass 9.1 Introduction 9.2 The corrosion process 9.3 The concrete environment 9.4 Stages in the deterioration process 9.5Carbonation-induced corrosion 9.5.1 Concrete earixmation 9.5.2Corrosion initiation and propagation 9.6Chloride-induced corrosion 9.6.1Chloride contamination 9.6.2Modelling chloride penetration 9.6.3Chloride-induced corrosion initiation 9.7Other causes of corrosion 9.8 Corrosion rate 9.8.1 Typical values 9.8.2Anodic control 9.8.3Cathodic and resistive control 9.8.4Factors affecting the corrosion rate 9.9Monitoring corrosion 9.10 Repair of corrosion-damaged concrete 9.10.1 Diagnostic approach 9.10.2 Functional requirements 9.10.3 Repair options 9.10.4 Technical requirements 9.11 Summary References 10 Concrete and fire exposure Bob Cather 10.1 Essentials of concrete behaviour 10.2 Strength loss in the eemeitt matrix 10.3 Spalling 10.4 The influence of aggregate type 10.5 High-strength concrete; 10.6 Essentials of steel behaviour 10.7 Fire behaviour and .design codes 10.8 Fire types and heat exposure 10.9 Behaviour of concrete in supreme files 10.10 Improving the fire resistance of concrete 10.11 Evaluation of concrete structures exposed to fire: References 11 Freeze/thaw resistance Michel Pigeon, Srono 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Mechanisms of ice formation in cementitious materials 11.3 Mechanisms induced by ice formation 11.4 Laboratory testing and influance of various parameters 11.5 De-icer salt scaling 1 1.6 Air entrainment 11.7 Special concretes 11.8 Field performance References 12 Acid, soft water and Sulfate attack Steve Kelham 12.1 Aqueous solutions 12.1.1 Pure water, acids, bases 12.1.2 Strong acids weak acids, soft water 12.2 Reactions of water and acids with concrete/mortar 12.2.1 Leaching 12.3 Factors affecting rate of attack by water and acids 12.3.1 Solution chemistry, solution availability 12.3.2 Concrete quality 12.3.3 Cement type 12.3.4 Aggregates 12.4 Reactions of sulfate solutions with concrete 12.4.1 Alununate hydrates, ettrmgite (AFt) monosulfate (AFm) 12.4.2 Delayed ettringite formation 12.4.3 Reactions with external sulfate 12.4.4 Thaumasite formation 12.5 Test methods and results 12.5.1 Natural exposure tests 12.5.2 Accelerated laboratory tests 12.5.3 Testing cements 12.6 Specifying concrete for acid, soft water and sulfate exposures 12.6.1 Classtfymg exposure conditions,water, soil 12.6.2 Concrete quality, cement types 12.6.3 DEF References 13 Alkali-aggregate reactivity Ian Sims and Alan Poole 13.1 Introduction . 13.1.1 Background 13.1.2 Reaction types 13.2 Reaction mechanisms 13.2.1 Alkali-silica reactivity 13.2.2 Alkali-carbonate reactivity 13.3 Efteets of AAR 13.3.1 Concrete properties 13.3.2 Structures 13.4 Cases of AAR 13.4.1 Europe and the UK 13.4.2 Outside Europe 13.5 Dkgnosis and prognosis 13.5.1 Inspection and monitoring 13.5.2 Sampling 13.5.3 Laboratory investigation 13.5-4 Structure apprasial 13.6 Minimizing risk and prevention 13.6.1 Schemes 13.6.2 Aggregate assessment 13.6.3 Major preventive options 13.6.4 Alternative prevestative options 13.7 Repairs and remedies 13.7.1 Principles 13.7.2 Coatings and treatments 13.7.3 Strengthening References Further reading 14 Specification and achivement of cover to reinforcement Bryan Marsh 14.1 Aims and objectives 14.2 Introduction 14.3 Specification of cover 14.4 Achievement in practice 14.5 Reliability aad workmanship 14.6 Excessive cover 14.7 Future specification of cover 14.8 Durability design 14.9 Performance testing 14.10 Recommendations for achievement of cover 14.11 Measurement of cover 14.12 Action in the event of non-conformity 14.13 Examples of non-compliance 14.14 Recent research 14.15 Alternative approaches to ensuring durability References Further reading 14/4 Index 14/8 14/9 in