CONTENTS 1. The Continuing Need for a Management Focus in GIS 1 Purpose and Objectives 3 The Chapters 4 Conclusions 8 2. Geographic Information Science: Evolution of a Profession 10 From GI Systems to GI Science 10 Professionalism in GIS 11 The Evidence 15 3. The Role of Geographic Information within an Organization's IT 20 An Overview of Management, 22 The Role of Information Systems 24 The Role of Information within an Organization's Operations 25 Information Needs across Organization Levels 26 Managerial Decision Making 30 Major Components of an IS 35 Geographic Information and IS 37 Conclusions 39 4. Keeping the G in GIS: Why Geography Still Matters 40 Background 41 Analytical Examples 43 Maps and Their Appropriate Use 55 A Three-Point Approach to Responsible GIS Application 57 Conclusions 59 5. GIS and the Strategic Planning Process61 What Is Strategic Planning? 62 The Process of Strategic Planning 67 Analyzing the Competitive Situation: The Five-Forces Model 73 Conclusions 80 6. Implementing a GIS: Theories and Practice 81 Definition of Implementation Success 84 Implementation Models 93 GIS Implementation Studies 94 Assessment of Implementation Success 97 Content and Process Models of Implementation 101 Implications for Implementation Research and Practice 109 Conclusions 113 7. Organizational Politics and GIS Implementation114 The Challenger Disaster 115 Xerox Alto 116 Airbus A-3'80 117 Why Organizational Politics Matter 117 Politics and Public-Sector Information Technology 120 Political Impacts of IT and GIS 121 Do Public-Sector Differences Affect Implementation? 126 Bases for Organizational Politics: Six Propositions 129 Organizational Political Behavior: A Framework 132 Positive Political Behavior for Successful GIS 138 GIS Implementation and OPB: Two Illustrative Cases 147 Conclusions 163 8. Economic Justification for GIS Implementation 165 An Introduction to Basic Benefit-Cost Analysis 166 Benefits and Costs in the Analysis 167 Refinements of Basic Benefit-Cost Analysis 173 Conclusions 186 9. Sharing Geographic Information across Organizational Boundaries 187 Information-Sharing Alliances 189 A Theory of Information-Sharing Strategies 190 Antecedents and Consequence; of Information Sharing 192 A Conceptual Framework 196 The Need for Information Sharing 198 Antecedents of Interorganizational Cooperation 198 Information Exchange 205 Consequences of Cross-Functional Cooperation 206 Motivations for Information Sharing: Research Findings 207 Conclusions 222 10. Metadata for Geographic Information 224 What Metadata Are and Why They Are Needed 224 U.S'. National Map Accuracy Standards: A Precursor to GIS Metadata 226 The Standardization of Metadata 227 Elements of FGDC Metadata 229 Don't Duck the Metadata 236 11. Policy Conflicts and the Role of GIS: Public Participation and GIS 237 Cognitive versus Interest Conflict 239 A Model of Conflict 242 An Example of Conflict 243 A Hypothesis about GIS and Conflict 246 Public Participation GIS: Good News for a Democracy 248 Conclusions 251 12. Ensuring the Qualifications of GIS Professionals . 253 Background 256 Expertise as a Foundation for Certification and Accreditation 257 Certification and Licensure in Two Other Fields 260 Accreditation: A Brief Description 264 The GIS Certification Program 265 UCGIS Model Curriculum/Body of Knowledge 269 What to Do in the Meantime 270 Conclusions 271 13. Legal Issues in GIS 272 An Overview of GIS Law 272 Liability 273 Public Access, Use, and Ownership of Data 277 Intellectual Property Rights 281 Copyright 283 Data Privacy 285 Evidentiary Admissibility of GIS Products 290 Conclusions 293 History of the GIS Ethics Movement 295 Ethics Defined 297 Ethics and Professional Obligations 299 GISCI Code of Ethics 307 Further Steps to Foster Ethics among GIS Professionals 311 Conclusions 312 15. Envisioning a Future 313 References 321 Index 347 About the Authors 360