CONTENTS CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 2 THE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS OF JAPANESE COMPANIES Management Philosophy and Corporate Identity (CI)3 The Structure of Ownership 4 The Structure of Top Management4 Strategy 7 Systems of Organization and Function7 Planning and Control 8 Management by Objectives and Policy Deployment9 The Ringi System and Decision Making 9 Middle Management and Its Functions10 Communication11 Small Group Activity12 CHAPTER 3 PERSONNEL AND LABOR MANAGEMENT Recruitment13 Assignment and Transfers14 Human Development (Education and Training) 15 Work Structures and the Job Qualification System16 Evaluation of Performance17 Promotion17 Wage Systems, Welfare and Working Hours17 The Life-time Employment and Retirement Systems19 Dispatching and Other Types of Transfers19 Labor Unions20 The Dual Nature of the Labor Market (Non-company Workers, Dispatch Staff, Part-time Employees, Temporary Employees) 20 Negative Aspects of Japanese-style Management 21 Changes Taking Place in Japanese-style Management 22 The Cultural Background of Management 23 CHAPTER 4 PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT Technological Strategy 25 Japanese-style Production Management 26 Quality Control 26 Just-In-Time (the Toyota Production System) 27 The Subcontracting Production System 28 The Advance of Automation and the Future of Factories 28 From Production-orientation to Orientation towards Research and Development 29 CHAPTER 5BUSINESS GROUPS Two Types of Business Groups31 Zaibatsu Type (Group of Companies)31 Parent-child Type Groups32 The Significance of Business Groups33 CHAPTER 6 THE INTERNATIONALIZATION OF JAPANESE MANAGEMENT The Internationalization of Japanese Companies35 The Internationalization of Japanese-style Management36 Technology Transfer36 Japanese Managers Abroad37