CONTENTS List of illustrations vii Acknowledgements x Foreword by Hilde Heynen xi Introduction 1 Drawing 1 Discipline 3 Methodological considerations 8 Part One: Crisis and withdrawal 15 The void 17 Economic and social crisis 21 Modernism in retreat 24 Radical architecture 32 Alternatives to modernism 40 Meaning 42 Historicism 46 Collage 53 Context 55 Freedom 57 Postmodernist architecture 59 The invisible horizon 66 Part Two: Autonomy and the resuscitation of the discipline 71 The birth of autonomy 73 Architectural autonomy 77 The commodity 82 The artefact 85 Paper architecture and autonomy 87 The neo-avant-garde 95 Autonomous Deconstruction 102 The recuperation of autonomy 109 Part Three: The Real 115 The revolution of everyday life 117 The architecture of everyday life 128 The rise of monetarism 138 Towards the architectural real 140 Recuperating a populist modernism 145 Critique of planning 149 The end of the crisis 154 Koolhaas and freedom 157 The SuperDutch era 159 The return of anxiety 165 From the ideal to the simulacra and back (an epilogue) 167 Notes 176 Bibliography 183 Index 197