CONTENTS Preface xiii Supplements xxiv Technology Resourcesxxv Data Sourcesxxvi Part I Introduction 1 The Nature of Statistics2 Case Study: Greatest American Screen Legends 3 1.1 Statistics Basics 4 1.2 Simple Random Sampling 12 1.3Other Sampling Designs* 18 1.4 Experimental Designs* 24 Chapter in Review 30, Review Problems 31, Focusing on Data Analysis 34, Case Study Discussion 34, Biography 35 Part II Descriptive Statistics 37 2 Organizing Data38 Case Study: Preventing Infant Mortality 39 2.1 Variables and Data 40 2.2 Grouping Data 44 2.3 Graphs and Charts 56 2.4Distribution Shapes 72 2.5 Misleading Graphs 81 Chapter in Review 85, Review Problems 86, Focusing on Data Analysis 90, Case Study Discussion 90, Biography 91 3 Descriptive Measures92 Case Study: The Triple Crown 93 3.1 Measures of Center 94 3.2 Measures of Variation 106 3.3 The Five-Number Summary; Boxplots 122 3.4 Descriptive Measures for Populations; Use of Samples 136 Chapter in Review 148, Review Problems 149, Focusing on Data Analysis 152, Case Study Discussion 152, Biography 153 Part IIIProbability, Random Variables, and Sampling Distributions 155____ 4 Probability Concepts 156 Case Study: The Powerball 157 4.1 Probability Basics 158 4.2 Events 166 4.3 Some Rules of Probability 175 4.4 Contingency Tables; Joint and Marginal Probabilities* 183 4.5 Conditional Probability* 189 4.6 The Multiplication Rule; Independence* 197 4.7 Bayes's Rule* 206 4.8 Counting Rules* 214 Chapter in Review 225, Review Problems 226, Focusing on Data Analysis 230, Case Study Discussion 230, Biography 231 5 Discrete Random Variables* 232 Case Study: Aces Wild on the Sixth at Oak Hill 233 5.1 Discrete Random Variables and Probability Distributions* 234 5.2 The Mean and Standard Deviation of a Discrete Random Variable* 242 5.3 The Binomial Distribution* 249 5.4 The Poisson Distribution* 265 Chapter in Review 274, Review Problems 275, Focusing on Data Analysis 278, Case Study Discussion 278, Biography 279 6 The Normal Distribution 280 Case Study: Foot Length and Shoe Size for Women 281 6.1 Introducing Normally Distributed Variables 282 6.2 Areas Under the Standard Normal Curve 290 6.3 Working with Normally Distributed Variables 298 6.4Assessing Normality; Normal Probability Plots 308 6.5 Normal Approximation to the Binomial Distribution* 315 Chapter in Review 323, Review Problems 323, Focusing on Data Analysis 326, Case Study Discussion 326, Biography 327 7 The Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean 328 Case Study: The Chesapeake and Ohio Freight Study 329 7.1 Sampling Error; the Need for Sampling Distributions 330 7.2 The Mean and Standard Deviation of the Sample Mean 336 7.3 The Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean 343 Chapter in Review 352, Review Problems 352, Focusing on Data Analysis 355, Case Study Discussion 355, Biography 355 Part IV Inferential Statistics 357 8 Confidence Intervals for One Population Mean 358 Case Study: The Chips Ahoy! 1,000 Chips Challenge 359 8.1 Estimating a Population Mean 360 8.2 Confidence Intervals for One Population Mean When a Is Known 366 8.3 Margin of Error 375 8.4 Confidence Intervals for One Population Mean When a Is Unknown 381 Chapter in Review 394, Review Problems 394, Focusing on Data Analysis 398, Case Study Discussion 398, Biography 399 9 Hypothesis Tests for One Population Mean 400 Case Study: Sex and Sense of Direction 401 9.1 The Nature of Hypothesis Testing 402 9.2 Terms, Errors, and Hypotheses 409 9.3 Hypothesis Tests for One Population Mean When a Is Known 418 9.4 Type II Error Probabilities; Power* 430 9.5 P-Values 438 9.6 Hypothesis Tests for One Population Mean When a Is Unknown 450 9.7The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test* 460 9.8 Which Procedure Should Be Used?* 474 Chapter in Review 479, Review Problems 480, Focusing on Data Analysis 484, Case Study Discussion 484, Biography 485 10 inferences for Two Population Means486 Case Study: Breast Milk and IQ 487 10.1 The Sampling Distribution of the Difference Between Two Sample Means for Independent Samples 488 10.2 Inferences for Two Population Means, Using Independent Samples: Standard Deviations Assumed Equal 494 10.3 Inferences for Two Population Means, Using Independent Samples: Standard Deviations Not Assumed Equal 507 10.4 The Mann-Whitney Test* 522 10.5 Inferences for Two Population Means, Using Paired Samples 534 10.6 The Paired Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test* 549 10.7 Which Procedure Should Be Used?* 559 Chapter in Review 566, Review Problems 566, Focusing on Data Analysis 570, Case Study Discussion 570, Biography 571 11 Inferences for Population Standard Deviations* 572 Case Study: Speaker Woofer Driver Manufacturing 573 11.1 Inferences for One Population Standard Deviation* 574 11.2 Inferences for Two Population Standard Deviations, Using Independent Samples* 589 Chapter in Review 602, Review Problems 603, Focusing on Data Analysis 605, Case Study Discussion 605, Biography 606 12 inferences for Population Proportionseos Case Study: World War III? 609 12.1 Confidence Intervals for One Population Proportion 610 12.2 Hypothesis Tests for One Population Proportion 622 12.3 Inferences for Two Population Proportions 629 Chapter in Review 643, Review Problems 643, Focusing on Data Analysis 646, Case Study Discussion 646, Biography 646 13 Chi-Square Procedures648 Case Study: Road Rage 649 13.1 The Chi-Square Distribution 650 13.2 Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test 651 13.3 Contingency Tables; Association 662 13.4 Chi-Square Independence Test 674 Chapter in Review 687, Review Problems 687, Focusing on Data Analysis 690, Case Study Discussion 690, Biography 691 Part V Regression, Correlation, and ANOVA693 14 Descriptive Methods in Regression and Correlation694 Case Study: Shoe Size and Height 695 14.1 Linear Equations With One Independent Variable 696 14.2 The Regression Equation 701 14.3 The Coefficient of Determination 717 14.4 Linear Correlation 726 Chapter in Review 736, Review Problems 737, Focusing on Data Analysis 739, Case Study Discussion 739, Biography 740 15 Inferential Methods in Regression and Correlation742 Case Study: Shoe Size and Height 743 15.1 The Regression Model; Analysis of Residuals 744 15.2 Inferences for the Slope of the Population Regression Line 757 15.3 Estimation and Prediction 765 15.4 Inferences in Correlation 775 15.5 Testing for Normality* 782 Chapter in Review 792, Review Problems 793, Focusing on Data Analysis 796, Case Study Discussion 796, Biography 797 16 Analysis of Variance (ANGVA)798 Case Study: Heavy Drinking Among College Students 799 16.1 The F-Distribution 800 16.2 One-Way ANOVA: The Logic 801 16.3 One-Way ANOVA: The Procedure 809 16.4 Multiple Comparisons* 823 16.5 The Kruskal-Wallis Test* 832 Chapter in Review 843, Review Problems 844, Focusing on Data Analysis 846, Case Study Discussion 847, Biography 847 Part VIMultiple Regression and Model Building; Experimental Design and ANOVA (On the WeissStats CD) Module A Multiple Regression Analysis Case Study: Automobile Insurance Rates A.IThe Multiple Linear Regression Model A.2Estimation of the Regression Parameters A.3Inferences Concerning the Utility of the Regression Model A.4Inferences Concerning the Utility of Particular Predictor Variables A.5Confidence Intervals for Mean Response; Prediction Intervals for Response A.6Checking Model Assumptions and Residual Analysis Module Review, Review Problems, Focusing on Data Analysis, Case Study Discussion, Answers Module B Model Building in Regression Case Study: Automobile Insurance Rates-Revisited B.ITransformations to Remedy Model Violations B.2Polynomial Regression Model B.3Qualitative Predictor Variables B.4Multicollinearity B.5Model Selection: Stepwise Regression B.6Model Selection: All Subsets Regression B.7Pitfalls and Warnings Module Review, Review Problems, Focusing on Data Analysis, Case Study Discussion, Answers Module C Design of Experiments and Analysis of Variance Case Study: Dental Hygiene: Which Toothbrush? C.IFactorial Designs C.2Two-Way ANOVA: The Logic C.3Two-Way ANOVA: The Procedure C.4Two-Way ANOVA: Multiple Comparisons C.5Randomized Block Designs C.6Randomized Block ANOVA: The Logic C.7Randomized Block ANOVA: The Procedure C.8Randomized Block ANOVA: Multiple Comparisons C.9Friedman's Nonparametric Test for the Randomized Block Design* Module Review, Review Problems, Focusing on Data Analysis, Case Study Discussion, Answers Appendixes Appendix A Statistical Tables A-1 Appendix B Answers to Selected Exercises A-31 Index 1-1 Photo Credits c-1