CONTENTS Preface and acknowledgements / Christophe Jaffrelot (xi) Introduction Christophe Jaffrelot (xiii) PART ONE POLITICS AND ECONOMY: INDIA'S PATH AND ITS TRANSFORMATIONS CHAPTER I - The world's largest democracy during the Congress system / Christophe Jaffrelot 5 CHAPTER II -The first reign of Indira Gandhi: socialism, populism and authoritarianism / Christophe Jaffrelot 2 4 CHAPTER III - Congress versus Janata: Short-lived alternations in power and the resilience of the Gandhis / Christophe Jaffrelot 41 CHAPTER IV -The paradoxical demoralisation of Indian democracy / Christophe Jaffrelot 5 5 CHAPTER V - Building the economy: 1947-1980 / Isabelle Milbert 84 CHAPTER VI-The era of economic reforms: 1980-2011 / Gilbert Etienne 105 CHAPTER VII - Is India's development sustainablc ? / Mira Kamdar 136 CHAPTER VIII-The policy of non-alignment: 1947-1971 / Max-Jean Zins 16 2 CHAPTER IX -The restructuring of India's external relations: 1971-1998 / Christiane Hurtig 183 CHAPTER X - A quest for power: India's foreign policy after the nuclear tests of 1998 / Isabelle Saint-Mezard 194 CHAPTER XI - India in South Asia / Gilles Boquerat 212 CHAPTERXII -The Indian armed forces / Isabelle Saint-Mezard 232 PART TWO THE INDIAN UNION AND THE POLITICAL ADMINISTRATION OF ITS DIVERSITY CHAPTER XIII - Indian federalism: Moving towards a more balanced system / Loraine Kennedy 249 CHAPTER XTV -The Dravidian issue or well-tempered regionalism? Jean-Luc Racine 271 Chapter XV - Sikhs: Between integration and separatism Anne Vaugier-Chatterjee 289 CHAPTER XVI - Assam and its neighbouring states: A turbulent history / Jean-Luc Racine 301 CHAPTERXVII -The Kashmir conflict / Christiane Hurtig 324 PARTTHREE THE INDIAN PEOPLE: CLASS, CASTE AND COMMUNITIES CHAPTER XVIII - Beyond the billion: India's demography at the beginning of the Century / Christophe Z. Guilmoto 353 CHAPTERXIX- Rural India / Jacques Pouchepadass 391 CHAPTER XX - Labour movements and organisations in India / Gerard Heuze 425 CHAPTERXXI-The caste factories: society, state, democracy/JackieAssayag 445 CHAPTER XXII - Untouchables, Scheduled Castes and Dalits in the Indian Republic / Christophe Jaffrelot 469 CHAPTER XXIII -The world of tribes: Revolutionary movements and ethnic withdrawal / Marine Carrin 488 CHAPTER XXIV-Social and political transformations of Hinduism Christophe Jaffrelot and Gilles Tarabout 510 CHAPTER XXV - The Muslims of India: A minority of 170 million / Marc Gaborieau 533 Muslims in South India / Jackie Assayag 558 CHAPTERXXVI -The Muslims of India: Towards marginalisation?/Christophe Jaffrelot 564 CHAPTER XXVII - Muslims and politics / Violette Graff 581 CHAPTERXXVIII -The Christian community: Christians who are very much Indian / Catherine Cle'mentin-Ojha 610 PART FOUR MEDIA AND THE ARTS: THE DYNAMICS OF CULTURE CHAPTERXXIX- Painting and sculpture in contemporary India: Thematics and aesthetics / Nicolas Nercam and Ivan Siddel 629 CHAPTER XXX - Primitivism and post-primitivism in modern Indian painting / Denis Vidal 644 CHAPTER XXXI - Indian cinema: Rasa Cinematograpkica I Joel Farges 657 CHAPTERXXXII -To be or not to befilmi; Opening the black box of film-making practices in India / Emmanuel Grimaud 681 CHAPTER XXXIII-The golden age of the media: Rise of private radio and television / Florence Martin-Kessler 692 CHAPTER XXXIV - The Indian Press: Diversity, growth and regionalisation / Vaiju Naravane 711 CHAPTERXXXV- Indian music / Francoise 'Nalini' Delvoye 725 Twentieth century Carnatic music / Elisabeth Sethupathy 734 CHAPTERXXXVI - Indian writing in English: a focus on the novel / Mkhel Renouard 744 CHAPTER XXXVII - Indian literature: a literature in several languages 753 The languages of India / Annie Montaut 755 Bengali literature since Independence / France Bhattacharya 756 Modern Hindi literature / Annie Montaut 770 Urdu literature / Marguerite Gricourt 782 Marathi literature / Guy Poitevin 790 Tamil literarure / Elisabeth Sethupathy 798 CONCLUSION - India 2025.. / Christophe Jaffrelot 817 ANNEXURES Chronology 828 Bibliography 837 List of Maps 904 About the Contributors 905 Panel of Translators and Editors 912