CONTENTS I. PARIS IN THE MIDDLE OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY: HISTORY PAINTERS AND REBELS 6 The Universal Exhibition 12 Polarization 15 En Plein Air 21 The Future Stars: Monet, Sisley, Bazille, and Renoir 23 FEATURE: THE SALON 34 II. THE SALONS OF THE 1860S 36 On the Path to Fame: Monet, Renoir, Bazille, Pissarro, Degas, Morisot, and Cezanne 46 Salon Policy and the Refuses 55 Emile Zola and the Actualists 58 Innovations 71 FEATURE: LIGHT AND COLOR IN SCIENCE 78 III. THE IMPRESSIONISTS REQUEST THE PLEASURE: A SPACE FOR NEW SUBJECTS 80 A New Paris 82 The Influence of Photography 93 It's Not Just about Painting, You Have to Sell Too 98 The Societe Anonyme 101 First Definitions 105 Argenteuil 109 Impressionists or Independent Artists? 117 FEATURE: THE COLOR OF SOUND-IMPRESSIONIST MUSIC 128 IV. HETEROGENEITY BECOMES ESTABLISHED 130 The End of the State-Controlled Art Market 137 Manet's Dispenser of Solace 143 Manet's Gang Breaks up 146 Georges Seurat 159 V. SERIES PICTURES AND THE POST-IMPRESSIONISTS 168 Monet's Series Paintings 175 The Post-Impressionists 181 FEATURE: IMPRESSIONISTS IN A(U)CTION 190 VI. IMPRESSIONISM WORLDWIDE: LONDON, NEW YORK, BERLIN.. 192 Britain and America 194 Scandinavia 208 Germany 211 Spain 217 Index of Works Illustrated 220 Index of Names 222 Further Reading 223 Picture Credits 224 Fold-out section IMPRESSIONISM AND ITS TIME