CONTENTS 1: Introduction 1 1.1 Hazards from Terrorism, and Consequences 1 1.1.1 Influence of Occupancy of Structures on Terrorist Threats 3 1.1.2 Loss of Human Lives and Damage to Property 4 1.2 Anti-Terrorism Strategies 4 1.3 Initial & Lifecycle Costs 7 1.3.1 Competing Considerations 8 1.4 Insurance 9 1.4.1 Stakeholders and their Role 10 1.4.2 Influence of Terrorism on Current Insurance Policies 11 1.5 Building Bye-laws for Terrorism Risk Reduction 12 1.5.1 Current Indian Codes Related to Terrorist Threats 12 1.5.2 Building Regulations 13 1.6 Risk Reduction Process 13 2: Possible Damage to Buildings Under Blast Loading 15 2.1 Estimation of Blast Load Imposed on Buildings 15 2.1.1 Influence of Stand-Off Distance 18 2.1.2 Blast Load Prediction 21 2.2 Prediction of Blast Damage Sustained by Buildings 22 2.2.1 Mechanisms of Damage in Buildings 24 2.3 Lessons from Past Experiences 26 3: Guidelines for New Buildings 31 3.1 Design Philosophy 31 3.2 Site Planning 32 3.2.1 Land-use Design 33 3.2.1.1 Sign Boards 33 3.2.1.2 Street Furniture 35 3.2.2 Type of Building 35 3.2.3 Location of Building on Plot Area 35 3.2.3.1 Clustering versus Spreading Buildings 35 3.2.3.2 Building orientation 37 3.2.3.3 Open space 38 3.2.3.4 Stand-off distance 39 3.2.3.5 Access roads 40 3.2.4 Critical Utilities of Building 41 3.2.5 Entry to site 43 3.2.6 Surveillance 43 3.2.6.1 Line of Sight 43 3.2.6.2 Entry Control 45 3.2.6.3 Barriers 46 3.2.7 Parking 49 3.3 Architectural Considerations 51 3.3.1 Architectural Configuration 51 3.3.1.1 Shape 51 3.3.1.2 Size 53 3.3.2 Functional Planning 53 3.3.3 Non-structural Elements 55 3 3.3.1 Utilities 55 3.3.3.2 Window and Door Openings 59 3.3.3.3 Roof Systems 63 3.3.3.4 Exterior Wall /Cladding 64 3.4 Structural Aspects 64 3.4.1 Structural System and Level of Hardening 65 3.4.1.1 Five Virtues of Hardened Structures 65 3.4.1.2 Choice of Structural System 66 3.4.2 Progressive Collapse Analysis 66 3.4.2.1 Design Methods 67 3.4.2.2 Design Strategies 68 3.4.3 Improving Local Response of Structural Elements 69 3.4.3.1 Building Envelope Issues 69 3.4.3.2 Roof and Floor Slabs 70 3.4.3.3 Roof/Floor Beams versus Transfer Girders 73 3.4.3.4 Columns and Walls 76 Analysis and Design 79 4: Guidelines for Existing Buildings 83 4.1 Basic Anti-terrorism Strategies for Existing Buildings 83 4.2 Mitigation Treatments for Different Hazards 83 4.2.1 Explosion 83 4.2.2 Arson 84 4.2.3 Armed Attack 84 4.2.4 Biological, Chemical, Nuclear and Radiological Attack84 4.2.5 Others 85 4.3 Asset Value 85 4.4 Vulnerability Assessment 86 4.4.1 Overall Vulnerability Rating 86 4.4.2 Detailed Vulnerability Assessment 89 4.5 Risk Evaluation and Reduction 89 4.5.1 Risk Assessment 90 4.5.2 Risk Management 91 5: Concluding Remarks 93 5.1 Summary 93 5.2 Challenges 94 5.2.1 Systemic Issues 94 5.2.2 Technical Issues 94 Appendix A: Blast Loading on Structures 97 References 117