CONTENTS PART 1: Guidelines and Commentary 1 Introduction 1 2 General 6 2.1 Scope 6 2.2 Serviceability Requirement 6 2.3 Safety Requirement 6 2.4 Terms and Definitions 7 2.5 Symbols 10 2.6 Acronyms 16 3 General Principles and Design Criteria 17 3.1 General 17 3.1.1 Pipeline Information 17 3.1.2 Site Information 17 3.1.3 Seismic Hazard Information 18 3.2 Classification of Pipelines 18 3.3 Classification of Soil 19 3.4 Classification of Seismic Hazards 21 3.5 Design Seismic Hazard 21 3.5.1 Design Basis Seismic Hazard 21 3.5.2 Design Seismic Hazard 22 3.5.3 Ground Amplification Factor 23 3.5.4 PGA as per Seismic Zones 24 3.5.5 Determining PGV from PGA 24' 3.6 General Seismic Design Considerations 25 3.7 Analysis Procedure 26 3.8 Initial Stresses in the Pipeline 27 3.8.1 Internal Pressure 27 3.8.2 Temperature Change 28 3.9 Allowable Strain for Continuous Pipeline 28 3.10 Allowable Joint Displacement for Segmented Pipeline30 4 Design Criteria for Permanent Ground Deformation (PGD) 32 4.1 Longitudinal Permanent Ground Deformation 35 4.1.1 Continuous Pipeline 35 4.1.2 Segmented Pipeline 38 4.2 Transverse Permanent Ground Deformation 39 4.2.1 Continuous Pipeline 40 4.2.2 Segmented Pipeline 41 4.3 Landslide 42 5 Design Criteria for Buoyancy due to Liquefaction 43 5.1 Buoyant Force on Pipeline 43 5.2 Continuous Pipeline 45 5.3 Segmented Pipeline 45 6 Design Criteria for Fault Crossing 47 6.1 Quantification of Fault Displacement 48 6.2 Continuous Pipeline 51 6.3 Segmented Pipeline 52 6.4 Trench Profile for Pipeline in Fault Zone 52 6.5 Detailed Modeling 53 7 Design Criteria for Seismic Wave Propagation 54 7.1 Design Ground Motion 55 7.2 Continuous Pipeline 57 7.3 Segmented Pipeline 58 Annex-A finite Element Modeling of Buried Pipeline 60 Annex-E Soil Spring Properties to Model Soil-Pipe Interaction 63