Preface iv Acknowledgements vii About the author viii Part One : Understanding poverty1 One Defining poverty 3 two Poverty in different societies 11 three Understanding the figure 19 Part Two : Poverty as material need 27 four Concepts of need 29 five Area deprivation 37 Part Three : Poverty as economic position 43 six Economic resources 45 seven Class 53 Part Four : Poverty and social ralationships 63 eight Social exclusion 65 nine Dependency 73 ten Poverty and politics 83 Part Five : Poverty as a moral concept 91 elevan The moral dimensions of poverty 93 twelve The moral condemnation of the poor 101 Part Six : Explanations for poverty 109 thirteen Why people are poor 111 fourteen Why poor countries stay poor 121 Part seven : Responses to poverty 133 fifteen Responding to poverty 135 sixteen Policies for poverty 143 Notes 153 Index 173