Contents Preface and Acknowledgements vii List of Illustrations xv I. INTRODUCTION 1 I. Archaeology of European Expansion 1 1.1 A Brief Outline of Development 1 1.2 Research Dimensions 7 1.2.1 The Americas 7 1.2.1.1 Chesapeake Bay 8 1.2.1.2 Elsewhere in the Americas 12 1.2.1.3 African American Archaeology as a Component of the American Historical Archaeology 16 1.2.2 Australia 17 1.2.3 South Africa 19 1.2.4 Miscellaneous Areas and Themes 22 1.2.5 An Overview 23 II. Scope of Research on the Archaeology of European Expansion in India 26 II. GUJARAT'S MARITIME TRADE TILL c. 1600 28 I. Traditional Ports and Trade Links of the Gujarat Coast 28 1.1 Geographical Prelude 28 1.2 The 19th-century Evidence 30 1.2.1 Kutch 30 1.2.1.1 Boats 30 1.2.1.2 Harbours 32 1.2.1.3 Trade Item? 33 1.2.2 Kathiawar 34 1.2.2.1 Boats 34 1.2.2.2 Harbours 36 1.2.2.3 Trade Items 37 I.3 Observations on the 19th-century Evidence 37 II. The Sequence of Archaeological and Historical Evidence 39 II. 1 The Indus Civilization 39 II.2 Early Historic Period: The Evidence of the Periplus 41 II.3 The Post-Periplus Phase Till c. AD 1300 46 II.4 AD 1300-1600: Gujarat Under Delhi Sultans, Independent Sultans and the Mughals 54 III. Summary of the Argument64 III. SURAT 69 Introduction: The Purpose of the Chapter and the Sources Used 69 I. A Brief Geographical Sketch 71 II. The Surat Bar and the Navigability of the Tapti up to Surat 76 III. The Communication Lines from Surat to Khandesh, Konkan, Malwa and Rajasthan 78 IV. History of Surat and the Surat Area 80 IV.1 Archaeology and Ancient History 80 IV.2 The Muslim Period Till the Mughal Conquest in 1573 83 IV.3 The Mughal Period 85 IV.3.1 Surat in the Mughal Revenue and Administrative Network 86 IV.3.2 The Maratha Invasions, Plague and the Last Years of Mughal Control 88 IV.4 1733-1800: The Years Before the Complete British Control 89 V. A Brief History of European 'Factories' in Surat 90 V.I The Portuguese 91 V.2 The Dutch 91 V.3 The French and the Austrians 93 V.4The British 94 VI. Surat's Trade: Transport, Commodities and Network 99 VI. 1 Comments on the Historical Character of Surat's Trade 10.7 VII. Surat as a City: The General Picture 109 VIII. The Details of Some Important Localities and Features in European Records 119 VIII.l Swally Swally Road, Swally Hole, Swally Marine 119 VIII.1.1 The Problem of Thomas Coryat's Tomb in Swally 124 VIII.2 The Surat Wharf and the Custom-House 126 VIII.3 The European Factories 126 VIII.3.1 The British Factory 126 VIII.3.1.1 Some Observations on the Life in the Factory 126 VIII.3.1.2 The Factory Building 128 VIII.3.2 The Dutch Factory 130 VIII.3.3 The Portuguese Factory 132 VIII.3.4 The French Factory 132 VIII.4 The British and Dutch Burials 133 IX. Some General Observations 138 IV. BROACH, AHMEDABAD, CAMBAY, DIU, DAMAN 140 I. Broach (Bharuch) 140 II. Ahmedabad 146 III. Cambay 152 IV. Diu 156 V. Daman 161 V. CONCLUSIONS 163 Bibliography 173 Index 185