CONTENTS Contributors xi Preface to the Third Edition xiii Preface to the Second Edition xv Preface to the First Edition xvii Factors for Conversion to SI Units of Measurement 1 Environmental IssuesJames P. Brown and Samuel Less, AICP 1 1.1 Environmental Issues Affecting Highway Projects 2 1.2 Federal Requirements Governing Transportation Planning and the Environment 3 1.3 National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) 5 1.4 Federal Requirements Governing Resource-Specific Environmental Aspects 23 1.5 Lead-Based Paint Removal 39 1.6 Resource Recovery and Use of Waste Material 52 2 Highway Location, Design, and Traffic Larry J. Shannon, P.E.67 2.1 Transportation Development Process 67 2.2 Geometric Design 76 2.3 Cross-Section Design 117 2.4 Intersection Design 147 2.5 Interchange Ramp Design 164 2.6 Collector-Distributor Roads 173 2.7 Multilane Ramp and Roadway Terminals and Transitions 175 2.8 Service Roads 181 2.9 Access to Public Roads 183 2.10 Driveway Design 183 2.11 The Cost of Congestion 195 2.12 Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems 191 2.13 High-Occupancy Vehicle Lanes 199 2.14 Highway Construction Plans 209 2.15 References 227 3 Pavement Design and Rehabilitation Aric A. Morse, P.E., and Roger L. Green, P.E. 223 3.1 Rigid Pavement 224 3.2 Flexible Pavement 232 3.3 Composite Pavement (Overlays) 233 3.4 Development of AASHTO Pavement Design Equations 233 3.5 Parameters for AASHTO Pavement Design 235 3.6 Rigid Pavement Design Procedure 257 3.7 Flexible Pavement Design Procedure 266 3.8 Pavement Management 270 3.9 Methods of Pavement Rehabilitation 296 3.10 Pavement Preventive Maintenance 301 3.11 Life Cycle Cost Analysis of Pavements 306 3.12 Reference Material 309 4 Bridge Engineering Walter J. Jestings, P.E., and Mahir Sen, P.E. 311 4.1 Client-Consultant Relationship 311 4.2 Aesthetic Considerations 313 4.3 Bridge Design Specifications 313 4.4 Bridge Geometries 314 4.5 Basic Bridge Materials 316 4.6 Bridge Deck Materials and Systems 321 4.1 Concrete Bridge Deck Design 323 4.8 Concrete Bridge Deck Construction 324 4.9 Concrete Bridge Deck Protection 325 4.10 Deck Surfaces and Deck Overlays 327 4.11 Selection of Materials for Main Superstructure Members 327 4.12 Corrosion Protection of New Steel Bridges 328 4.13 Weathering Steel 329 4.14 Deflection and Expansion Joints 330 4.15 Continuity and Jointless Bridges 335 4.16 Characteristics and Selection of Bridge Types 336 4.17 Determination of Span Lengths 344 4.18 Bridge Widening and Rehabilitation 344 4.19 Repainting of Existing Bridges 346 4.20 Deek Drainage 347 4.21 Bridge Bearings 348 4.22 Provision for Inspection of New Bridges 354 4.23 Scour 354 4.24 Seismic Design 356 5 Culverts, Drainage, and Replacements for Bridges Kevin E. White, P.E. 359 5.1 Hydrology 359 5.2 Design of Open Channels 371 5.3 Fundamentals of Open-Channel Flow 373 5.4 Design of Roadway Drainage 379 5.5 Hydraulic Design of Culverts 3S8 5.6 Culvert Types and Materials 403 5.7 Culvert Service Life 413 5.8 Structural Design of Drainage Pipes 418 5.9 Replacements for Bridges 459 5.10 Construction Methods 461 5.11 Inspection 464 5.12 Rehabilitation 470 6 Safety Systems Roger L Brockenbrough, P.E. 473 6. i Concepts and Benefits of Roadside Safety 473 6.2 Application of Clear Zone Concept to Slope and Drainage Design 475 6.3 Sign and Luminaire Supports and Similar Features 483 6.4 Warrants for Roadside Barriers 488 6.5 Characteristics of Roadside Barriers 491 6.6 Selection of Roadside Barriers 499 6.7 Placement of Roadside Barriers 502 6.8 Upgrading Roadside Barrier Systems 506 6.9 Median Barriers 506 6.10 Placement of Barriers on Sloped Medians 575 6.11 Bridge Railings and Transitions 517 6.12 Barrier End Treatments and Crash Cushions 522 7 Signing and Roadway Lighting Part 1 SigningBrian L. Bowman, Ph.D., P.E. 533 7.1 Traffic Signing Needs 533 7.2 Crashworthy Concerns of Roadside Features 539 7.3 Design of Single-Mount Sign Supports 546 7.4 Slip Base Designs 562 7.5 Design of Multiple-Mount Sign Supports 566 7.6 Maintenance and Construction of Sign Supports 574 7.7 Fastening Sign Blanks on Single-Sign-Support Systems 589 7.8 Multiple-Sign-Mount Installation 594 7.9 Fastening Sign Blanks on Multiple-Sign-Support Systems 599 7.10 Guidelines for Multiple-Sign-Support Construction 602 7.11 Sign Vandalism Problems and Countermeasures 604 7.12 Maintenance of Traffic Signs 608 7.13 References on Signing 612 Part 2. Roadway Lighting C. Paul Watson, P.E., Nelson Russell, P.E., and Brian L. Bowman, Ph.D., P.E. 615 7.14 Benefits and Fundamentals of Lighting 615 7.15 Facility and Area Classifications 618 7.16 Freeway Lighting Considerations 620 7.17 Streets and Highways Other Than Freeways 623 7.18 Tunnel Lighting 624 7.19 Roadway Rest Areas 626 7.20 Analytical Approach to Lighting Warrants 628 7.21 Types of Luminaires 628 7.22 High Mast Lighting 635 7.23 Roadside Safety 636 7.24 Pole Types 639 7.25 Electrical Hazard 640 7.26 Foundations 642 7.27 Bases 646 7.28 Construction Considerations 649 7.29 Acceptance Tests 657 7.30 Maintenance Considerations 652 7.31 Impact Performance Criteria 653 7.32 Structural Design 655 7.33 References on Lighting 655 8 Retaining Walls A. J. Siccardi, P.E., and S. C. (Trever) Wang, Ph.D., P.E. 657 8.1 Earth Retaining Wall Classification 658 8.2 Earth Pressure Considerations and Determination 670 8.3 Foundation Investigations and Soils Analysis 681 8.4 Rigid Retaining Walls 690 8.5 Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls 698 8.6 Nongravity Cantilevered Wall Design 738 8.7 Anchored Wall Design 743 8.8 Soil Nailed Structures 749 8.9 Prefabricated Modular Walls 767 8.10 MSE Bridge Abutment Walls 767 8.11 Reference Material 772 9. Noise Barriers James J. Hill, P.E., and Roger L. Brockenbrough, P.E. 775 9.1 Acoustical Concepts 776 9.2 Acoustical Standards and Design 777 9.3 Types of Noise Barriers 778 9.4 Noise Barrier Selection 779 9.5 Aesthetics 780 9.6 Safety Considerations 784 9.7 Maintenance Considerations 784 9.8 Project Development Steps 785 9.9 Structural Design 787 9.10 Foundation Design 791 9.11 Construction 792 10. Value Engineering and Life Cycle Cost Harold G. Tufty, CVS, FSAVE 797 10.1 FHWA Role in Value Engineering 797 10.2 AASHTO Role in Value Engineering 803 10.3 Value Engineering Job Plan Concept 808 10.4 Value Engineering Job Plan Detail 809 10.5 East Diagramming and the Job Plan 820 10.6 Cost Model 825 10.7 Worth Model 825 10.8 Considerations in Life Cycle Cost Analysis 826 10.9 Categories of Costs 828 10.10 Methods of Calculation 829 10.11 Examples of Successful VE Highway Studies 830 Index 835