CONTENT : 1 FIELD ASTRONOMY 1.1. DEFINITIONS OF ASTRONOMICAL TERMS 1 1.2. CO-ORDINATE SYSTEMS 4 1.3. THE TERRESTRIAL LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE 9 1.4. SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY AND SPHERICAL TRIANGLE 10 1.5. THE ASTRONOMICAL TRIANGLE 14 1.6. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CO-ORDINATES 19 1.7. THE EARTH AND THE SUN 30 1.8. UNITS OF TIME 35- 1.9. INTERCONVERSION OF TIME 43 1.9.1.RELATION BETWEEN DEGREES AND HOURS OF TIME 43 1.9.2.CONVERSION OF LOCAL TIME TO STANDARD TIME AND VICE VERSA 43 1.9.3.CONVERSION OF MEAN TIME INTERVAL TO SIDEREAL TIME INTERVAL ANDVICE VERSA 48 1.9.4.GIVEN GREENWICH SIDEREAL TIME AT GREENWICH MEAN MIDNIGHT, TO FIND THE LOCAL SIDEREAL TIME AT LOCAL MEAN MIDNIGHT AT ANY OTHER PLACE ON THE SAME DATE 50 1.9.5.GIVEN THE LOCAL MEAN TIME AT ANY INSTANT, TO DETERMINE THE LOCAL SIDEREAL TIME 52 1.9.6.GIVEN THE LOCAL SIDEREAL TIME, TO DETERMINE THE LOCAL MEAN'TIME 53 1.9.7.ALTERNATIVE METHOD OF FINDING L.S.T. FROM THE GIVEN VALUE OF L.M.T. 54 1.9.8.ALTERNATIVE METHOD OF FINDING L.M.T. FROM THE GIVEN VALUE OF L.S.T. 55 1.9.9.TO DETERMINE THE L.M.T. OF TRANSIT OF A KNOWN STAR ACROSS THE MERIDIAN, GIVEN G.S.T. OF G.M.N. 56 1.9.10. GIVEN THE G.M.T. OF TRANSIT OF THE FIRST POINT OF ARIES, TO DETERMINE THE L.M.T. OF TRANSIT AT A PLACE IN ANY OTHER LONGITUDE 59 1.9.11. GIVEN THE L.S.T. AT ANY PLACE, TO DETERMINE THE CORRESPONDING L.M.T. IF THE G.M.T. OF TRANSIT OF THE FIRST POINT OF ARIES ON THE SAME DAY IS ALSO GIVEN 60 1.9.12. GIVEN THE SIDEREAL TIME AT G.M.M., TO COMPUTE THE G.M.T. AT THE NEXT TRANSIT OF THE FIRST POINT OF ARIES 62 1.9.13. GIVEN THE G.M.T. OF G.A.N. ON A CERTAIN DATE, TO FIND THE L.M.T OF L.A.N. ON THE SAME DATE 62 1.9.14. TO FIND THE LOCAL SIDEREAL TIME OF ELONGATION OF A STAR 64 1.10. INTERPOLATION OF VALUES 66 1.11. INSTRUMENTAL AND ASTRONOMICAL CORRECTIONS TO THE OBSERVED ALTITUDE AND AZIMUTH 68 1.12. OBSERVATIONS FOR TIME 75 1.13. TIME OF RISING OR SETTING OF A HEAVENLY BODY 88 1.14. THE SUN DIALS 89 1.15. THE CALENDAR 91 1.16. DETERMINATION OF AZIMUTH 91 1.17. THE DETERMINATION OF LATITUDE 114 1.18. DETERMINATION OF LONGITUDE 135 2 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SURVEYING 2.1. INTRODUCTION 141 2.2. BASIC PRINCIPLES 142 2.3. THE PHOTO-THEODOLITE 143 2.4. DEFINITIONS 144 2.5. HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL ANGLES FROM TERRESTRIAL PHOTOGRAPH 145 2.6. HORIZONTAL POSITION OF A POINT FROM PHOTOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENT: CAMERA AXIS HORIZONTAL 147 2.7. ELEVATION OF A POINT BY PHOTOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENT 150 2.8. DETERMINATION OF FOCAL LENGTH OF THE LENS 151 2.9. AERIAL CAMERA 154 2.10. DEFINITIONS AND NOMENCLATURE 157 2.11. SCALE OF A VERTICAL PHOTOGRAPH 160 2.12. COMPUTATION OF LENGTH OF LINE BETWEEN POINTS OF DIFFERENT ELEVATIONS FROM MEASUREMENTS ON A VERTICAL PHOTOGRAPH 163 2.13. DETERMINATION OF HEIGHT (H) OF LENS FOR A VERTICAL PHOTOGRAPH 163 2.14. RELIEF DISPLACEMENT ON A VERTICAL PHOTOGRAPH 164 2.15. SCALE OF A TILTED PHOTOGRAPH 171 2.16. COMPUTATION OF LENGTH OF LINE BETWEEN POINTS OF DIFFERENT ELEVATIONS FROM MEASUREMENTS ON A TILTED PHOTOGRAPH 173 2.17. DETERMINATION OF FLYING HEIGHT FOR A TILTED PHOTOGRAPH 173 2.18. TILT DISTORTION OR TILT DISPLACEMENT 174 2.19. RELIEF DISPLACEMENT ON A TITLED PHOTOGRAPH 177 2.20. COMBINED EFFECTS OF TILT AND RELIEF 178 2.21. FLIGHT PLANNING FOR AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 179 2.22. THE GROUND CONTROL FOR PHOTOGRAMMETRY 187 2.23. RADIAL LINE METHOD OF PLOTTING (ARUNDEL'S METHOD)188 2.24. STEREOSCOPIC VISION 196 2.25. PARALLAX IN AERIAL STEREOSCOPIC VIEWS 200 2.26. PARALLAX EQUATIONS FOR DETERMINING ELEVATION AND GROUND CO- ORDINATES OF A POINT 201 2.27. EFFECTS OF CHANGES IN ELEVATION H AND PARALLAX P 206 2.28. MEASUREMENT OF PARALLAX : PARALLAX BAR 210 2.29. RECTIFICATION AND ENLARGEMENT OF PHOTOGRAPHS 212 2.30. MOSACIS 215 2.31. STEREOSCOPIC PLOTTING INSTRUMENTS 215 3 ELECTRO-MAGNETIC DISTANCE MEASUREMENT (EDM) 3.1. INTRODUCTION 219 3.2. ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES 219 3.3. MODULATION 223 3.4. TYPES OF EDM INSTRUMENTS 224 3.5. THE GEODIMETER 226 3.6. THE TELLUROMETER 227 3.7. WILD 'DISTOMATS' 229 3.8. TOTAL STATION 236 4 REMOTE SENSING 4.1. INTRODUCTION 241 4.2. HISTORICAL SKETCH OF REMOTE SENSING 241 4.3. IDEALIZED REMOTE SENSING SYSTEM 242 4.4. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF REMOTE SENSING 243 4.4.1. ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY 243 4.4.2. ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM 244 4.4.3. WAVE LENGTH REGIONS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS IN REMOTE SENSING 246 4.4.4. CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLAR RADIATION 246 4.4.5. BASIC RADIATION LAWS 247 4.5. EM RADIATION AND THE ATMOSPHERE 248 4.6. INTERACTION OF EM RADIATION WITH EARTH'S SURFACE 249 4.7. REMOTE SENSING OBSERVATION PLATFORMS 250 4.8. SENSORS 252 4.9. APPLICATIONS OF REMOTE SENSING 253 5 GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM (CIS) 5.1. INTRODUCTION : DEFINITION 257 5.2. THE FOUR M'S 258 5.3. CONTRIBUTING DISCIPLINES FOR GIS 259 5.4. GIS OBJECTIVES 260 5.5. COMPONENTS OF A GIS 261 5.6. TOPOLOGY 263 5.7. DATA MODELS : 263 5.8. DATA STRUCTURES 265 5.9. DATABASE MANAGEMENT 266 5.10. ERRORS IN GIS 266 5.11. GIS SOFTWARE PACKAGES. 267 5.12. LINKAGE OF GIS TO REMOTE SENSING. 269 5.13. APPLICATIONS AREAS OF GIS AND REMOTE SENSING 270 INDEX 271