Preface vii Acknowledgements viii List of Abbreviations ix Introduction: The Environment and the Constitution 1 IDEVELOPMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL JURISPRUDENCE 1. Basic Environmental Protection Laws 15 2. The Concept of Sustainable Development 21 3. The Public Trust Doctrine 34 4. Absolute Liability of the Polluter 53 5. Reversal of the Burden of Proof 59 6. The Significance of Pubic Interest Litigation 62 7. Environment Impact Assessment: An Early Warning System 79 8. Commitments under International Law 103 IIDEALING WITH DIFFERENT KINDS OF POLLUTION: LAW AND POLICY 9. Pollutants in the Air 119 10. Defilement of Fresh Water Bodies 139 11. Marine Pollution 166 12. Degradation of Land and Forests 189 13. Endangered Wildlife 222 14. Safe Disposal of Waste 248 15. The Relevance of the Law on Public Nuisance 269 IIITHE ENVIRONMENT AND THE TASKS AHEAD 16. The Challenge of Climate Change 279 17. The Need for Environmental Courts 303 18. Enforcing the 'Polluter Pays' Principle: Environmental Taxes 312 19. Disaster Management and Rehabilitation 317 Bibliography 335 Statute Index.339 Case Index 342 Subject Index 349