CONTENTS Preface vii CHAPTER 1: GIS - AS A SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 1 1.1Introduction.. 1 1.2Geographic Information System (GIS)- Terminology.. 2 1.3Creation of GIS Database.. 3 1.4Spatial Query in GIS.. 3 1.5Development of GIS ..5 1.6Characteristics of Maps ..11 1.7Map Projection. ..18 1.7.1 Cylindrical Projection 1.7.2 Universal Transverse Mercator (UM) Projections 1.7.3 Conical Projection 1.7.4 Azimuthal Projection 1.8Representation of Earth Features in GIS.. 23 1.9Components of GIS.. 25 1.10 Data for GIS ..28 CHAPTER 2: APPLICATIONS OF GIS AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 33 2.1 Introduction ..33 2.2 Civil Engineering.. 34 2.3 Environment ..34 2.4 Disaster Management ..35 2.5 Emergency Planning ..35 2.6 Geology.. 36 2.7 Utility Management.. 36 2.8 Forestry ..37 2.9 Agriculture ..3 7 2.10 Business.. 38 2.11 Land Information System and Cadastral Records.. 38 2.12 Military ..39 CHAPTER 3: GIS TECHNIQUES AND NATURE OF DATj 3.1 Introduction.. 41 Data Structures.. 44 3.2.1 Raster Data Structures 3.2.2 Vector Data Structures Raster Data Input.. 54 3.3.1 Remote Sensing Vector Data Input.. 66 3 A.1 Global Positioning System (GPS) CHAPTER 4: DATABASE CREATION AND ANALYSIS IN GIS Introduction.. 77 Database Concepts.. 78 4.2.1 Hierarchical Database 4.2.2 Network Database 4.2.3 Object Orientated Model 4.2.4 Relational Database Concept 4.2.5 Database Design Data Analysis.. 84 CHAPTER 5: ERRORS IN CIS AND DATA OUTPUT 5.1 Introduction.. 97 5.2 Original Sources of Errors.. 97 Errors Introduced Due to Data Processing in GIS.. 98 Errors in Method.. 101 Methods of Correcting Existing Errors.. 101 Data Output ..104 Classification Method for Graduated Colour Map of Graduated Symbol Map.. 108 CHAPTER 6: ADVANCED GIS APPLICATIONS - Case studies. 6.1 Introduction.. Ill 6.2 Network Analysis .. 221 6.3 Spatial Analysis .. 114 Terrain Analysis.. 225 Case Studies.. 224 6.5.1 GIS Based Water Distribution System.. 124 6.5.1.2 Study Area 6.5.1.3 Data Collected 6.5.1.4 Methodology 6.5.1.5 Querying the Maps f, 5 2 Route Optimization for Solid Waste Disposal.. 130 6.5.2.1 Introduction 6522 Study Area - Coimbatore Municipal Corporatio 6.5.2.3 Objective 6.5.2.4 Methodology 653 Site Selection for Solid Waste Disposal.. 136 6.5.3.1 Introduction 6.5.3.2 Methodology 6.5.3.3 Landuse or land cover 6.5.3.4 Permeability of Soil 6.5.4 Groundwater Quality Assessment Using GIS.. 140 6.5.4.1 Introduction 6.5.4.2 Study Area 6.5.4.3 Materials and Methods 6.5.5 Site Suitability Analysis Using GIS .. 143 6.5.5.1 Introduction 6.5.5.2 Methodology 6.5.5.3 Result 6.5.6 Soil Erosion Modeling for Coimbatore District.. 252 6.5.6.1 Introduction 6.5.6.2 Factors Affecting Soil Erosion 6.5.6.3 Methodology 6.5.6.4 Conclusion 6.5.7 Groundwater Level Variation Level Analysis .. 156 6.5.7.1 Introduction 6.5.7.2 Methodology 6.5.7.3 Conclusion 6.5.8 Groundwater Quality Assessment Using GIS.. 157 6.5.8.1 Introduction 6.5.8.2 Methodology 6.5.8.3 Conclusion 6-5.9 Rejuvenation of Noyyal River Using GIS ..260 6.5.9.1 Study Area 6.5.9.2 Data for the Study 6.5.9.3 Tributaries of River Noyyal 6.5.9.4 Anaicuts of Noyyal Basin 6.5.9.5 Methodology 9.5.9.6 Results from Erdas Imagine 8.4 Analysis 9.5.9.7 Comparative Study in Encorachments 9.5.9.8 Results from Arc View 3.2a Analysis CHAPTER 7: INTERNET GIS 175 7.1 Introduction.. 275 7.2 Hardware and Software.. 175 7.3 Internet GIS Architecture ..177 Internet GIS Applications .. 177 7.b Future oflnternet CIS.. 177 CHAPTER 8: PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION 179 8.1 Introduction ..179 8.2 Problem Identification ..179 8.3 Infrastructure Requirement ..179 8.4 Organization and GIS Experts .. 181 8.5 Da ta Source ..185 8.6 Questions to be asked before purchasing a GIS software.. 181 8.7 Open GIS. ..182 8.8 Evolution in GIS Standard .. 182 8.9 Future of GIS.. 182 CHAPTER 9: GLOSSARY 185 CHAPTER 10: GIS RESOURCE BANKS 197 CHAPTER 11: BIBLIOGRAPHY 201 INDEX 205