CONTENTS Preface x Acknowledgments xii Notation & Units of Measurement xiii 1 Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering 1 1.1Geotechnical Engineering Design Process 2 1.2Historical Development 4 1.3Modern Geotechnical Engineering 14 1.4Accuracy of Geotechnical Engineering Analyses 16 1.5A Pictorial Overview of Geotechnical Engineering 16 2 Engineering Geology 28 2.1The Geologic Cycle 29 2.2Rocks 30 2.3 Rock-Forming Minerals 35 2.4Structural Geology 37 2.5Weathering 43 2.6Soil Formation, Transport, and Deposition 45 2.7Rock and Soil as Geomaterials 56 Summary 59 Questions and Practice Problems 61 3 Site Exploration and Characterization 64 3.1 Project Assessment 65 3.2 Literature Search 66 3.3 Remote Sensing67 3.4 Field Reconnaissance and Surface Exploration 69 3.5 Subsurface Exploration 69 3.6 Soil and Rock Sampling 82 3.7 Groundwater Exploration and Monitoring 87 3.8Ex Situ Testing 88 3.9In Situ Testing 89 3.10Geophysical Exploration 106 3.11Synthesis and Interpretation 108 3.12Economics 112 3.13Geotechnical Monitoring During Construction 113 Summary 113 Questions and Practice Problems 115 4 Soil Composition 121 4.1Soil as a Particulate Material 122 4.2The Three Phases 122 4.3Weight-Volume Relationships 124 4.4Particle Size and Shape 138 4.5Clay Soils 148 4.6Plasticity and the Atterberg Limits 151 4.7Structured Versus Unstructured Soils 155 4.8Organic Soils 156 Summary 157 Questions and Practice Problems 158 5 Soil Classification 164 5.1USDA Soil Classification System 164 5.2AASHTO Soil Classification System 167 5.3Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) 171 5.4Visual-Manual Soil Classification 180 5.5Supplemental Soil Classifications 182 5.6Applicability and Limitations 185 Summary 186 Questions and Practice Problems 187 6 Excavation, Grading, and Compacted Fill 190 6.1Earthwork Construction Objectives 192 6.2Construction Methods and Equipment193 6.3Soil Compaction Concepts 213 6.4Soil Compaction Standards and Specifications 215 6.5Field Considerations and Monitoring 227 6.6Suitability of Soils for Use as Compacted Fill 235 6.7Earthwork Quantity Computations 237 6.8Lightweight Fills 241 6.9Deep Fills 243 Summary 244 Questions and Practice Problems 245 7 Groundwater-Fundamentals and One-Dimensional Flow 251 7.1 Hydrology252 7.2Principles of Fluid Mechanics255 7.3One-Dimensional Flow Through Soil268 7.4Flow Through Anisotropic Soils284 Summary287 Questions and Practice Problems288 8 Groundwater-Multidimensional Flow and Applications 295 8.1Multidimensional Flow295 8.2Flow Net Solution for Two-Dimensional Flow 298 8.3Numerical and Physical Modeling Of Two-Dimensional Flow316 8.4Two- and Three-Dimensional Flow to Wells320 8.5Groundwater Control329 8.6Contaminant Control and Remediation337 8.7Soil Migration and Filtration 341 Summary350 Questions and Practice Problems352 9 Stress 361 9.1 Simplifying Assumptions362 9.2Mechanics of Materials Review 363 9.3Mohr Circle Analyses368 9.4Sources of Stress in the Ground 378 9.5Geostatic Stresses378 9.6Induced Stresses 381 9.7Superposition392 9.8Effective Stresses395 9.9Effective Stress Under Steady State Flow 405 9.10Stresses in Layered Strata408 Summary409 Questions and Practice Problems 410 10 Compressibility and Settlement 419 10.1 Physical Processes422 10.2 Changes in Vertical Effective Stress423 10.3 Distortion Settlement 426 10.4 Consolidation Settlement -Physical Processes427 10.5 Consolidation (Oedometer) Test432 10.6 Consolidation Status in the Field 444 10.7 Compressibility of Sands and Gravels446 10.8 Consolidation Settlement Predictions448 10.9 Secondary Compression Settlement461 10.10 Crusts463 10.11Settlement of Unsaturated Soils 463 10.12Heave Due to Unloading 464 10.13Accuracy of Settlement Predictions 464 Summary 465 Questions and Practice Problems 467 11 Rate of Consolidation 478 11.1Terzaghi's Theory of Consolidation 478 11.2Consolidation Settlement Versus Time Computations 489 11.3The Coefficient of Consolidation, cv 499 11.4Accuracy of Settlement Rate Predictions 504 11.5Consolidation Monitoring 506 11.6Other Sources of Time Dependent Settlement 512 11.7Methods of Accelerating Settlements 514 Summary 518 Questions and Practice Problems 520 12 Soil Strength 527 12.1 Strength Analyses in Geotechnical Engineering 527 12.2 Shear Failure in Soils529 12.3 The Drained and the Undrained Conditions 536 12.4 Mohr-Coulomb Failure Criterion 539 12.5 Shear Strength of Saturated Sands and Gravels 545 12.6 Shear Strength of Saturated Clays 550 12.7 Shear Strength of Saturated Intermediate Soils 563 12.8 Shear Strength of Unsaturated Soils564 12.9 Shear Strength Evaluation 564 12.10 Shear Strength at Interfaces Between Soil and Other Materials 583 12.11 Uncertainties in Shear Strength Assessments 584 Summary 585 Questions and Practice Problems 587 13 Stability of Earth Slopes 593 13.1 Terminology 595 13.2 Modes of Slope Instability 597 13.3 Analysis of Slope Stability 604 13.4 Quantitative Analysis of Slides605 13.5 General Procedures in a Limit Equilibrium Analysis of a Slide 606 13.6 Planar Failure Analysis608 13.7 Infinite Slope Analysis 611 13.8 Swedish Slip Circle Method (</> = 0 Analysis) 613 13.9 Method of Slices 618 13.10 Chart Solutions 627 13.11 Miscellaneous Issues 629 13.12Seismic Stability631 13.13Stabilization Measures 636 13.14Instrumentation 643 Summary 648 Questions and Practice Problems649 14 Foundations 655 14.1Shallow Foundations656 14.2Deep Foundations658 Summary671 15 Spread Footing Design 673 15.1Bearing Pressure 673 15.2Bearing Capacity675 15.3Settlement 685 15.4Spread Footings-Summary and Design Concerns 698 Summary 703 Questions and Practice Problems704 16 Earth Retaining Structures 709 16.1 Externally Stabilized Systems709 16.2Internally Stabilized Systems 714 16.3Design of Earth Retaining Structures 717 Summary 719 17 Lateral Earth Pressures 720 17.1Lateral Earth Pressures and Wall Movement720 17.2Classical Lateral Earth Pressure Theories726 17.3Equivalent Fluid Pressure742 17.4Groundwater Effects744 Summary747 Questions and Practice Problems748 Appendix A Finite Difference Solutions to Flow Problems 751 Appendix B Recommended Resources for Further Study (viewed online at www.pearsonhighered.com/Coduto) Appendix C Field Identification of Soils (viewed online at www.pearsonhighered.com/Coduto) References 765 Author Index (viewed online at www.pearsonhighered.com/Coduto) Subject Index 779