CONTENTS Messagefrom EER1President v MessagefromNICEE vii Foreword ix Preface . xi Acknowledgements xiii 1 Introduction 1 2 Premanufactured Girder Bridges 5 3 Cast-in-Place Girder Bridges 7 4 Seismic Performance of Bridges 9 4.1 Introduction 9 4.2 Soil-Related Factors 12 4.3 Substructure 17 4.4 Substructure Connection 25 4.5 Superstructure 28 4.6 Surface Rupture and Ground Deformation 34 4.7 Secondary Damage 37 4.8 Special Bridges 42 5 Seismic Design and Analysis of New Bridges 47 5.1 Introduction 47 5.2 Earthquake Hazards 49 5.3 Performance-Based Seismic Design 54 5.4 Seismic Demand Analysis 86 5.5 Specialized Methods of Analysis 99 6 Seismic Retrofitting of Bridges 101 6.1 Introduction 101 6.2 Prioritizing and Screening 103 6.3 Evaluation 104 6.4 Approaches 104 6.5 Measures 105 6.6 Strategies 139 References 157 Appendix A: Glossary 167 AppendixB:Acronyms 183