INTRODUCTION Principles 2 Policies 6 PART i *ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION PRINCIPLES 1.THE SUSTAINABILITY PRINCIPLE 12 Limits to growth 13 Susta inability in the 1980s 17 Carrying capacity 20 Ecological footprint 25 Continuing debate 30 Further reading 31 2.THE POLLUTER FAYS PRINCIPLE 32 Functions of the polluter pays principle 37 Liability 39 Extended producer responsibility 44 Further ruadin 46 3THE pRECAUTlOf4ARY_FRlNClPLE_____________ _47 Shifting the burden of proof 48 Nature of the. precautionary principle 51 Threat to desired level of protection 53 Scientific uncertainty 56 Measures to be taken 62. Legislation 64 Further reading PART II * SOCIAL PRINCIPLES AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 4 THE EQUITY PRINCIPLE____________________70 Intrageneralional equity 71 lntergeneration.il equity 80 What should be sustained? S5 Further reading 89 5 HUMAN RIGHTS PRINCIPLES ____________________91 Role of environmnal protection 94 Environmental human rights 101 Further reading 104 6 THE PARTICIPATION PRINCIPLE__________________105 The right to know 106 Public participation 116 Further reading 121 PART III o ECONOMIC METHODS OF ENVIRONMENTAL VALUATION 7 MEASURING ENVIRONMENTAL VALUE____________124 National accounts 126 Costbenettt analysis 129 Environmental valuation in practice 134 Further reading 137 8.IS MONETARY VALUATION PRINCIPLED? 138 The participation principle 138 The equity principle 143 Human rights principles 147 Thf susla inability principle 148 The precautionary principle 151 PART IV ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS FOR POLLUTION CONTROL PRICES AND POLLUTION RIGHTS 156 Price-based measures 158 Tradeable pollution rights 161 Global warming measures 168 Further reading 173 10 THE SUSTAINABILITY PRINCIPLE AND ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS ______________________________174 Setting the baseline or cap 176 Phoney reductions 178 Monitoring and enforcement182 Perpetuating bad practices 187 11 THE POLLUTER PAYS AND PRECAUTIONARY __PRINCIFLES APPLIED192 The polluter pays principle 192 The precautionary principle 199 12 RIGHTS, EQUITY AND PARTICIPATION ___PRINCIPLES APPLIED_______________ 204 Human rights principles 204 The equity principle 210 The participation principle 216 PART V o MARKETS FOR CONSERVATION 13 QUOTAS, TRADES, OFFSETS AND BANKS__ ___ 222 Triideable fishing eights 223 Water trading 226 Salinity trading and offsets 230 Mitigation banking 231 Further reading 238 14 THE SUSTAIN ABILITY PRINCIPLE AND CONSERVATION MARKETS 139 Fisheries trading 239 Wdler allowance trading 245 Mitigation banking 249 15 THE EQUITY, PARTICIPATION AN D PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLES APPLIED _ _______IS1? The equity principle and tradeable fishing quotas 257 The equity principle and wtier trading 264 The participation principle 266 The precautionary principle 268 16 CONCLUSION 275 Bibliography 279 Index 297