CONTENTS Forward by Ackno wled gemen Abbreviations List of Tables List of Figures & Maps List of Photos 1. Environmental Management 1.1 Statement of the Problem 2 1.2 Objectives 4 1.3 Hypotheses 4 1.4 Research Methodology 5 1.4.1 Sampling Design 5 1.4.2 Data Source 7 1.4.3 Tools of Analysis 8 1.5 Significance of the study 8 2. Conceptual Framework and Review of Literature 2.1 Conceptual Framework 11 2.1.1 Economic aspects 12 2.1.2 Income and employment generation from CPR related activities 13 2.1.3 Life sustenance 13 2.1.4 Environmental aspects 14 2.1.5 Institutional aspects 15 2.1.6 Social and Political Aspects 17 2.2 Review of Literature 18 2.3 Critical Remarks 73 3. Macro and Micro Level Scenario of CPRs in India 3.2.1 Central state and district level Land classifications 77 3.2.2 Population 96 3.2.3 Encroachment of CPRs 100 3.2.4 Critical Remarks 108 3.3 Common Property Resources (CPRs) and Rural Sustenance in India: Revelations from the NSSO (54th round) Data. 3.3.1 Availability of CPRs 112 3.3.2 Forests Resources 114 3.3.3 Reduction in CPRs 115 3.3.4 Dependence on CPRs 117 3.3.4.1 Dependency on Fodder 120 3-3.5 Association between the CPR availability and related variables 127 3.3.6 Forest resources and material collection 132 3.3.7 Lacunae in the NSSO survey 133 4. Analysis of Primary Household Survey 4.1.1 Demographical Details of study village137 4.1.2 Availability of CPRs in the study villages 141 4.1.3 Poverty and CPRs 148 4.1.4 Access Factor 160 4.1.5 Dependence on CPRs 161 4.1.6 Life Sustenance and Material Collection 168 4.1.6.1 Dependence for Fuel 168 4.1.6.2 Dependence of Fish collection 172 4.1.6.3 Snail collection 179 4.1.6.4 Crab collection 180 4.1.6.5 Rabbit collection 181 4.1.6.6 Rat as an edible item 182 4.2.1 Other than Life Sustenance 184 4.2.2 Sources of Material Collections 190 4.3.1 CPRs and rural employment 197 4.3.2 Income from CPRs 203 4.3.3 Livestock and CPRs 210 4.3.4 Water Based CPRs 222 4.3.5 Problems of Accessing the CPRs Degradation of CPRs 236 5.1 Reduction of CPRs 241 5.2 Cultivation in Fncroached Area 238 5.3 Institutions and Commons 274 Policy Issues Relating to CPRs Management (S.I CPR Management and Policies Summary of Findings and Conclusion 285 7.1 Findings 301 7.1.1 National, State, District and Village level scenario of CPRs 301 7.1.2 Implications of primary household survey on CPRs 304 7.1.3 Reduction of Common Property Resources and Its Impacts on the Society 306 7.1.4 Institutional Mechanism and Policy Issues 307 7.2 Suggestions for policy improvements 309 7.3 Conclusions 310 Bibliography 312 Index 329