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VOL. I PART I CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTORY LIMITATION of this work-Systematic geography-Herbert; Vlgne, Jacque- mont, &c.; Hodgson; R. Strachey; Thompson; Cunningham, H. Stra- chey; Rawlinson; Sanndera; Markham; Calcutta Review; Blanford- Nomenclature-Ethnical Sketch: Plain of Asam and Bengal: Plain of Upper India; Clothing; Food; Customs; Eastern Himalaya-Eastern tribes; Tribes of the Southern watershed; Bhutan, Sikkim; Nepal; Tribes of the Lower Himalaya-Karnali to Tons; Bisahr; the Satlaj to the Indus-Afghanistan; Galchha States; Kara-Taugutans; Tibet- General distribution .. 1 References 42 CHAPTER II PHISICAL GEOGRAPHY OF HIMALAYA. The Himalayan river basins-The Indus basin-Subordinate systems of the Indus basin -The Gauges basin-Subordinate systems of the Ganges basin; The Brahmaputra basin -Subordinate systems of the Brahmaputra basin; Systems of Tibet-Lob-Nor basin; Oxus basin. Plains of Hindustan -Indus plain ; Indian desert; Gangetic plain; Asam valley, Bhabur; Tarai; Slwiliks; Duns. Extent of Bhabar-Cause of the deposit-Ilodgson's oceanic theory; Fluviatile theory; Tarai Siwalikas; Duns; Gauges to Brahmaputra ; Lower Himalaya. Material of the mountains-Eocene period; Mode of mountain formation; Mountain-sclupture; Ice-wedges; Avalanches; Glaciers; Rain;Rivers.. 61 CHAPTER III GEOLOGY Position of the ground. Early observers : Herbert, Cautley, Falconer. The mountain system. The sub-Himalayan cone formed of tertiary rooks Siwalikas. Post tertiary deposits. Supposed glacial deposits. Lower Himalayan region. Simla region. Sirmur formation. Relation of Sirmur and Siwalik Series. The Satlaj valley. East of Simla. The Kuniaon section. The Nepal section. Sikkim section. Slight correspondence between the rocks of the Himalaya and of the Peninsula. Frequent occurrence of carbonaceous deposits throughout the Lower Himalaya, Conjectural affiliation of the Lower Himalayan sections. The Central Himalaya. Strnchey. Stolickca. Western Tibet. The principal crystalline areas. Kummulitic deposits. Post-eocene eruptive rocks. Central gneiss. Kashmlr-Kiahtwar region. Central Tibet. Its granites, schists, slates, conglomerates and fossilifeious rocks. Palozoic strats.Silurian, Trias, Jurassic. FossilsTertiary deposit. So-called Niti fossils. General Strachey's conclusions, Stolickza's views 111 CHAPTER IV. THE HIMALAYA. The outer Himalaya. Mountain systems; Jumna; Ganges; Kali. Subordinate boundaries The Nayar. Western Ramgaaga ; Kali. The snowy range. Axis of highest elevation. The Tibetan plateau. Glaciers. Glacier of the Pindar; feeder Of the glacier ; moraines; crevasses and ice tables. Glacier of the Kuuhini. Motion of the Pindar glacier. S now-line. Observations in the eastern Himalaya. Observations in Kumaon: Bisahr Across the snowy range. Kumacnj Garhwil; Kunaor; Western Tibet. Lakes .. .. .. .. .. 169 CHAPTER V. MEIEOKOLOOT. Preliminary sketch of climate- Contrast between the eastern and western parts of the plain and the Himalaya. Radiation, solar and nocturnal. Temperature:-Diurnal and annual ranges,- Vertical decrement,- Height of suow-iine. Pressure and winds:- Barometric tides,-Mountain winds.-vAnnual variation of pressure,- Monsoons. Humidity:- Vertical distribution of vapour,-Relative humidity, -Cloud. Rainfall :-Distribution on plains and on the Him&iayan slope, -Annual variation,-The winter rains,-The monsoon rains .. ..169 CHAPTER VI. ECONOMIC MINERALOGY Mining history : experiments in Garhwal. The Kumaon Iron Works Company. Causes of present poor returns-Mode of mining: excavation: removing the or a : crushing the ore: cleaning the ore: drainage. Smelting operu-tionc : refining the ore. Division of profits. Improvement needed in appliances : Chili furnace : English system. Outturn. Financial results of the settlement of the revenue derived from minerals. GoW : Tibetan gold fields: Thok Jaluag mines. Silver. Copper mines i Rai mine acd its ores: Sira mines : Gaul and Sor Gurang BournonHe. Copper mines of Garhwal: Dhanpur: Dhobri: Pokhri : Chaumatsiya miuea : Raja's mine : Notamine: Thlamine: Danda mine : Talapungla mine: Kharna mine : Agar Sera mine. Iron mines: Kumaon Iron mines : Giwar mines: Garhwal mines: Nagpur: Dasauli: Iriyakot. Lead Arsenic. Lignite. Graphite. Sulphur. Borax. Gypsum. Soap. Stone. Asbestos. Silajit. Limestone, Building stone. Hoofing alate. Alum.. 259 References 297 CHAPTER VII. SCIENTIFIO BOTANY A list of the flora of Garhwal, Juunsar-Bawar and the Dehre Dun, by Dr. King. Tract.to.which the list refers: The Siwaliks. Sub Siwalik Tract. Dehra Din. Himalayan tract. Characteristic vsgetetion from the plains to Mussoorce. From Miraojroe northwards. A list of the flora of Kumaon and the Kumaon Bhabar by Dr. Watson .. .. 239 MAP AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 1. Geological map of the country between the Satiaj and the Sard a (page 115). 2. Front view of the Pindar glacier (page 182). 3. The Pindar and Kuphmi glaciers (page 184). |
