| General note |
CONTENTS Part One SOIL MATERIALS 1 Chapter 1Physical Character of Soil Constituents 2 1.1 Rock, Soil and Weathering Processes, 2 1.2 Character of the Coarse Soil Fraction, 4 1.2.1 Particle Size and Sieve Analysis, 4 1.2.2 Particle Shape and Angularity, 5 1.2.3 Specific Gravity, 5 1.2.4 Toughness and Durability, 8 1.3 Character of the Fine Soil Fraction, 8 1.3.1 Chemical Structure of Clays, 9 1.3.2 Types of Clays, 9 1.3.3 Cohesive and Cohesionless Soils, 11 1.4 Summary, 11 References, 12 Problems, 12 Chapter 2Natural Soil Deposits 13 2.1 Soil Structure, 13 2.1.1 Sands, 13 2.1.2 Clays, 14 2.2 Soil Deposit Origins and Types, 15 2.2.1 Residual Soils. 16 2.2.2 Transported Soils, 17 2.3 Summary, 21 References, 22 Problems, 22 Chapter 3Soil Index Properties23 3.1 Overview of Soils Testing, 23 3.2 Coarse-Grained Constituents-Grain Size Distribution, 24 3.3 Fine-Grained Constituents: Soil Plasticity, 28 3.4 Indices for the Soil Mass, 32 3.5 Summary, 39 References, 39 Problems, 39 Chapter 4Soil Classification41 4.1 Textural Classification, 41 4.2 Unified Soil Classification System, 43 4.2.1 Laboratory Classification, 43 4.2.2 Field Classification, 49 4.3 AASHTO Classification System, 52 4.4 Summary, 54 References, 57 Problems, 58 Chapter 5Stress Analysis and Engineering Properties 59 5.1 The Effective Stress Principle, 60 5.2 Vertical Earth Pressure Calculations, 61 5.3 Capillary Stresses, 62 5.4 Permeability, 65 5.4.1 Coefficient of Permeability and Darcy's Law, 65 5.4.2 Laboratory Tests, 67 5.4.3 FieldTests,67 5.4.4 Permeability in Fine Soils, 69 5.5 Compressibility, 69 5.5.1 Consolidation Settlement in Soils, 69 5.5.2 Time Rate of Consolidation, 72 5.6 Soil Strength, 76 5.6.1 Strength of Sands and Gravels, 79 5.6.2 Strength of Clays, 80 5.7 Summary, 82 References, 82 Problems, 82 PART IIEARTHWORK IN THE CONSTRUCTION CONTRACT 87 Chapter 6 The Contract and Contract Documents 88 6.1 Parties to the Contract, 89 6.1.1 Relationship of the Parties, 89 6.1.2 Construction Management, 91 6.2 Document Contents, 91 6.3 Bid Preparation, 92 6.3.1 Examination of Contract Documents, 92 6.3.2 Itemization of Costs, 92 6.3.3 Variation of Quantities, 94 6.4 Contract Execution, 94 6.4.1 Contract Specifications, 94 6.4.2 Disputes, 97 6.4.3 Changed Conditions, 98 6.5 Summary, 99 References, 100 Chapter 7Interpretation of Soils Reports 101 7.1 Field Explorations, L02 7.1.1 Direct Exploration, 102 7.1.2 Semidirect Exploration, 103 7.1.3 Indirect Exploration Methods, 109 7.2 Groundwater Conditions, 115 7.3 Soils Engineering Reports, 115 7.4 Other Information Sources, 116 7.5 Summary, 120 References, 120 Problems, 121 Chapter 8Embankment Construction and Control122 8.1 Moisture-Density Relationships, 123 8.1.1 Cohesionless Soils, J23 8.1.2 Cohesive Soils, 124 8.2 Properties of Compacted Soils, 125 8.2.1 Relative Density, 125 8.2.2 Water Content, 127 8.3 Laboratory Compaction Procedures, 128 8.4 Compaction Specifications, 130 8.4.1 Relative Compaction, 130 8.4.2 Prescriptive Specifications, 130 8.4.3 Performance Specifications, 133 8.5 Shrink and Swell from Borrow to Fill, 134 8.6 Compaction Equipment for Shallow Lifts, 137 8.7 Compaction Control Testing, 142 8.8 Chemical Stabilization of Fills, 148 8.9 Stabilization of Fill Foundations, 150 8.9.1 Surcharge Loading, 151 8.9.2 Vertical Drains, 152 8.10 Deep Compaction of Sands, 152 8.11 Summary, 158 References, 159 Problems, 160 Chapter 9 Dewatering163 9.1 Specifications, 163 9.2 Underwater Excavations, 164 9.2.1 Caissons, 164 9.2.2 Cofferdams, 167 9.3 Seepage Barriers, 167 9.3.1 Slurry Trench Methods, 168 9.3.2 Freezing, 170 9.3.1 Grouting, 170 9.4 Open Sumps, 170 9.4.1 Cohesive Soils, 172 9.4.2 Cohesionless Soils, 173 9.5 Wells and Well-Point Systems, 174 9.5.1 Single Wells, 174 9.5.2 Multiple Wells, 174 9.5.3 Well Points, 176 9.6 Electroosmosis, 179 9.7 Planning Dewatering Operations, 180 9.8 Summary, 182 References, 182 Problems, 183 Chapter 10 Excavations and Excavation Supports 185 10.1 Specifications, 186 10.2 Design of Excavation Slopes, 186 10.2.1 Slope Stability, 186 10.2.2 Slope Protection, 191 10.3 Shallow Trenches and Excavation Safety, 192 10.4 Support fur Shallow Trenches. 196 10.5 Support for Deep Cuts, 199 10.5.1 Lateral Earth Pressure Calculations, 199 10.5.2 Excavation Support Methods, 201 10.6 Planning for Excavation Supports, 207 10.7 Summary, 209 References, 209 Problems. 209 Chapter 11Foundation Construction211 11.1 Settlement Analysis, 212 11.Li Footings on Cohesive Soils, 212 11.1.2 Footings on Cohesionless Soils, 214 11.2 Foundation Bearing Failure, 215 11.2.1 Shallow Foundations, 216 11.2.2 Deep Foundations, 218 11.3 Footing and Raft Construction, 225 11.4 Foundation Piling, 225 11.4.1 Pile Types, 227 11.4.2 Pile Hammers, 228 11.4.3 Jetting, Spudding, and Predrilling, 239 11.4.4 Pile Dynamics, 239 11.4.5 Contract Provisions, 242 11.4.6 Driving Effects, 250 11.5 Drilled Piers. 252 11.5.1 Applications, 252 11.5.2 Construction, 253 11.5.3 Problems in Construction, 255 11.6 Summary, 256 References, 257 Problems, 258 Chapter 12Construction Access and Haul Roads 260 12.1 Pavement Components and Their Functions, 260 12.2 Subgrade Materials and Strength Requirements, 261 12.3 Subgrade Improvement, 264 12.4 Maintenance Requirements. 267 12.5 Summary, 268 References, 268 Problems, 269 Appendix ALaboratory Testing Exercises 270 A. I Calibration of Sand-Cone Device and Density Testing-Sand, and Determination of Field Unit Weight of Soils, 270 A. 1.1 Determine Volume of Sand-Cone Jar, 273 A. 1,2 Calibration of Density Testing Sand, 274 A.1.3 Calibration of Sand Cone and Plate, 274 A. 1.4 Determination of Field Unit Weight, 274 A.2 Preparation of Soil Samples and Performance of Particle-Size Analyses, 275 A.2.1 Sieve Analysis, 275 A.2.2 Hydrometer Analysis, 281 A.3 Specific Gravity of Soils, 283 A.4 Soil Consistency Tests, 287 A.4.1 Plastic Limit Test, 287 A.4.2 Liquid Limit Test, 290 A.5 Compaction Tests, 292 A.6 Relative Density, 296 A.6.1 Maximum Density Procedure (Dry Method), 297 A.6.2 Minimum Density Procedures, 299 A.7 Permeability Tests, 300 A.7.1 Falling-Head Test, 300 A.7.2 Constant-Head Test, 303 A.8 Direct-Shear Test on Sand, 306 A.9 Unconfmed Compression Test for Cohesive Soils, 309 A.10 Tri axial-Compression Test on Sand, 313 A.I 1 Consolidation Test, 315 Appendix BPile Hammer Specifications324 B.I Air/Steam Hammers, 324 B.2 Diesel Hammers, 330 B.3 Hydraulic Impact Hammers, 335 B.4 Vibratory Hammers, 341 Nomenclature348 Problem Solutions 352 Index 354 |
