| General note |
1 GREENHOUSE: AN ARTIFICIAL HOUSE FOR PLANTS1-8 Introduction- I Origin and Development of the Greenhouse Industry 1 Advantage of Greenhouse ..- 3 Greenhouse Effect..- ..3 How the problem intensi/ies- 4 Carbon dioxide and greenhouse effect..- ..4 The impact..- 4 Floriculture Industry and Development of Greenhouse Industry ..5 Floriculture Production and Marketing Businesses..:,6 Floriculture Business Competition,,- ..? Cut Flower Industry in Indian Scenario ..- ..7 2 TYPES OF GREENHOUSES..9-24 Greenhouses: Classification ..- .9 Greenhouse Types Based on Shape'..- ..9 Lean-to Type Green House ..- .. 10 Even Span Type Greenhouse- . 10 Uneven Span Type Greenhouse- ..!I Ridge and Furrow Type Greenhouse .11 Saw Tooth Type Greenhouse\.- . 11 Quonset Greenhouse- J 2 Greenhouse Type Based on Utility.- .. 12 Greenhouse far Active Heating.- 12 Greenhouses for Active Cooing..- .. 13 Greenhouse Type Based on Construction- ..!3 Wooden Framed Structures- .. 13 Pipe Framed Structures ..- ..14 Truss Framed Structures..,,:.,..- ..,,.,.,..} 4 Greenhouse Type Based on Covering Materials.. 14 Glass Greenhouses- .. 15 Plastic Film Greenhouses ..- 15 Rigid Panel Greenhouses- .. 15 Glass Greenhouses- 15 Film Plastic Greenhouses ..- .. 16 Greenhouse Benches Pot-plant- 47 Arrangement of the Benches.- ..48 Greenhouse Walks ..- 49 Working Room- 49 Conveyors- .. 50 Cloth Houses;,- 51 Lath Houses..- .51 Bulb Storage.- .52 General Storage.- .52 Boilers for the Greenhouse Heating System.. 52 Operation of the Boiler..- 5 3 Draft System..- ..53 Operation of the Boiler..- . ..53 Emergency Heating Equipment for Greenhouse53 Emergency, Standby Power ..- .53 Figuring the Heat Requirement of the Greenhouse ..54 Location of Heating Lines..- 55 Arrangement and Placement of Heating Lines 55 Steam Traps..- .55 Control of Heating-Line- 56 Special Heat Requirements for Greenhouse 56 Providing Steam for Treatment of Soil and Equipment .57 Lower down Temperatures in the Greenhouse 58 Design of the Fan and Pad Cooling System 58 Cool Storage.- ..58 Other Essential Equipments For Greenhouse- ..59 Equipment for the Control of Light..- 59 Kinds of Screening Materials- ',..59 Photoperiod for Flowering- .59 Shading for the Control of Photoperiod- 60 Electric Light Equipment- 60 Fluorescent Light..- ..,60 Electric Lights for Photoperiod Control.- 60 Intermittent Light..- ..60 Problems with Fluorescent Lights..- ..61 Equipment for Moisture Control in Greenhouse 61 How to Reduce Moisture in the Greenhouse- .6! Irrigation Equipment- 61 Water-Distribution Systems for Pot plants in Greenhouse .63 Capillary Irrigation System ..- .63 Water-Distribution Systems for Cut-Flower Crops ..63 Equipment for Regulation of Irrigation- .. 63 Equipment for Handling Fertiliser- 64 Application of Fertiliser in Liquid Forms..- 64 Proportions for Uniform Supply of Fertilisers6- 4 Selection of Fertiliser Proportioner- . 65 Pest and Pathogen Control Equipment- ..65 Hydraulic Spraying- ..65 Stationary and Portable Sprayer ..- ..65 For Fumigators..,,,..- .66 Equipment for Application of Other Agro-chemicals ..66 Equipmentfor Preparation of Soil for Planting 67 Soil Shredders- '..67 Materials-Handling Equipment- ..68 Trolley-type Conveyors..'- 68 Repair and Construction Equipment- . 68 4 GREENHOUSE HEATING69-91 important Units ..- 69 Heat Requirement vs Heat Loss ..- ..70 Ways of Insulation- 70 Heat Loss by Air Infiltration ..- ..70 Heat Loss through Radiations ..- .70 Sources of Heat ..- 71 Steam systems ..- .72 Care is to be taken.,- .?3 Localized Heating System..- 7 3 Unit Heaters.- .. 74 Types of Unit Heaters ..- 74 Convection Heaters.- 75 Purity of Fuels..- 7 5 Radiant Heaters.- .. 76 Infrared radiant heaters.- 76 Fuel Savings.- 76 Solar Heating.- . 77 Solar Radiation: The Key to Climate .77 Principles and Components of Solar Heating..79 Collector- :..79 Backup Heater..,..- .,..81 Heat Transfer/Distribution ..- ..81 Steam and Hot Water .i- 81 Placement of Heating Pipes..- ..82 Effectiveness of Pipe System..- ..82 Type of Pipes to be Used- . 82 Arrangements of Pipe Coils ..- ..83 Warm Air Sources.- 85 Horizontal Airflow System ..- 85 Specifications for the HAF system..- 86 Greenhouse Climate Sensing and Control.- .86 Environmental Computer Control Systems87 Emergency Heaters and Generators- ..88 Fuel- ..88 Heat Conservation- ..88 Greenhouse Design,,..,.- ,89 Double Covering- ..89 Thermal Screen;- ..89 Roles of Thermal Screen ..- ..89 Radiant Heat- 90 Wall Insulation- . Sealing Air Leaks..- ..-90 Windbreaks,,,,,.,.,,,- ..,., High-Efficiency Heaters.- 90 Heater Maintenance- 91 Thermostat Maintenance- 91 Low Temperature Crops ..- .91 5 GREENHOUSE COOLING..92-100 Manual Controlling ..- 92 Thermostats- .92 Fan-and-pad Evaporative Cooling System..- ..93 Fog Evaporative Cooling System..- ..93 Greenhouse Summer Cooling Systems ..- ..94 Fan-and-Pad System..,,..:..- ..94 Rate of Air Exchange- 94 Placement of Pad and Fans ..- .. 95 Size and Number of Exhaust Fans- ..95- Cross-fluted Cellulose Pad Specifications 95 Other Pad Materials- 96 Placement of Fans- 97 The Air Stream..- 97 Fog Cooling ..- ..98 Control Systems for Fog Cooling.- .98 Greenhouse Winter Cooling System ..- .99 Description of Fan-Tube Ventilation ..- ..99 Cooling and Heating Systems Integration- 99 6 ROOT MEDIA .10- 1-124 Soil and Farm Manure: General Aspects.- 101 Soil Texture.- .. 101 Soil Structure ..- ..102 Soil Porosity and Permeability- . 102 Field Soil and its Adaptation to Containers- 102 Soiland Water Availability,:- , 102 Water Holding Capacity- .. 103 Humus..- .. 103 Origin of Soil Humus..- . 103 Properties of a Root Medium for Greenhouse 103 Stability of Organic Matter ..- 103 Carbon : Nitrogen Ratio..- 104 Organic Matter.'- .. 104 Organic Materials Use- . 104 Bulky Organic Manures/Animal Manures/ Crop Residues/Composts ..105 Farm Yard Manure (FYM)..:- 105 Composted Manure..- 105 Green Manuring- . 105 Green manuring in situ ',..- 106 Green leaf manuring- .. .106 Concentrated Organic Manures.- 106 Oilcakes- ..106 Cattle, Pig, and Poultry Manures.- .. 107 Meat meal ..- ..707 Blood meal- 107 Fish meal- .. W7 Horn~and~Hoof meal- 107 Macro and Micronutrient Availability- 107 Composts: Production- .. 108 Compost Bin as Factory.- .. 108 Transformation Agents.,- ..108 What to Put in Heap?:,- ..,..109 Ideal C:NRatio in Heap- 109 Factors for Decomposition- 109 Temperature- . 109 Moisture ..- .110 Ingredients to Avoid Paratoxics- 110 Time of Application- ! 10 BulkDensity of Root Medium..- Ill Moisture Retention and Aeration ..- ..111 Cation Exchangev- 112 Cation Exchange Capacity- ! 12 PH.- .. Components of Root Media..- .. 113 Field Soil- ..113 Peat Moss and Peats.,,..,,.- ! 14 Sphagnum Peat- 114 Hypnum..,..- ..,!14 Reed-sedge peat ..- ..114 Peat humus,,.- ..,..! 14 Bark- .115 Sawdust.,..- ..! 15 Manure..,..- ..! 15 Crop By-Products ..- 116 Composted Garbage.- 116 Vermiculite- ..116 Calcined Clay ..- . 117 Sand- 118 Perlite.- 118 Polystyrene Foam ..- 118 Rock Wool- .119 Other Coarse-Textured Components ..- 119 Soil-Based Media..- 119 Formulation- 119 Sand- ..119 Field soil- 120 Sphagnum Peat- 120 Maintenance of Root Media..- .. 120 Soil-Less Media.,.;..- .. 121 Components of Soil-Less Media..,,,..- ,..! 21 Organic Matter..- .. 72 / Peat Moss/Perlite/ Vermiculite/Bark.- .. 121 Formulations- 122 Peat-Moss-Based Formulations- 122 Bark-Based Formulations- 123 Fertiliser Amendments ..- ..123 Preparation and Handling of Media..- . 123 Small-Batch Handling- 123 Intermediate-Volume Handling- .. 124 7 NUTRIENT SOLUTION FOR GROWTH MEDIA 125-135 Theory of Nutrient Solutions- 125 General Requirements- 125 Form in which Element is Available to the Plant.. 126 Solution Mathematics- 126 Molar Concept.- .. 121 Normal Concept.- 127 Parts Per Million Concept.- ..128 Chemicals Required .. |
