Integrated blue-green infrastructure for sustainable and resilient urban development : Case Study of Ahmedabad (Softcopy is also available)
Chandak, Anuj (PUI20053)
Integrated blue-green infrastructure for sustainable and resilient urban development : Case Study of Ahmedabad (Softcopy is also available) - 2022 - xvii,107p.
Contents
Undertaking i
Acknowledgments v
Abstract vii
Table of Contents .......................................................................................................... ix
List of Figures xiii
List of Tables xvii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Rationale for Study 4
1.2 Aim 5
1.3 Objectives 5
1.4 Scope of study 5
1.5 Methodology 6
2 Literature Review 11
2.1 What is Blue-Green Infrastructure? 11
2.2 Elements of Blue-Green Infrastructure 13
2.2.1 Rain Gardens 13
2.2.2 Green Roofs 14
2.2.3 Vertical Greens 16
2.2.4 Permeable Pavements 17
2.2.5 Lakes 18
2.2.6 Rivers and Canals 18
2.2.7 Urban Forests 19
2.3 Benefits of Blue-Green Infrastructure 19
2.3.1 Hydrological Benefits 20
2.3.2 Environmental Benefits 20
2.3.3 Ecological Benefits 21
2.3.4 Social Benefits 21
2.3.5 Land Regeneration Benefit 21
2.4 Drivers and Barriers to Blue-Green Infrastructure 22
2.4.1 Institutional & Governance 22
2.4.2 Socio-Cultural 23
2.4.3 Financial 24
2.4.4 Knowledge and Technical 24
2.5 BGI in Indian Policy, Mission, Regulation, and Guideline 25
2.5.1 Urban and Regional Development Plans Formulation and Implementation Guideline 26
2.5.2 AUDA Development Plan 2021 27
2.5.3 General Development Control Regulations (GDCR) 28
2.5.4 Climate Smart City Assessment Framework 28
2.5.5 National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) 29
2.5.6 Smart City Mission 30
2.5.7 National Plan for the conservation of Aquatic ecosystem 30
2.6 Case Studies 31
2.6.1 London 31
2.6.2 Singapore 33
2.6.3 Madurai 36
2.6.4 Learnings from the Case Studies 37
2.7 Summarising Literature Review 38
3 Assessment of Blue-Green Infrastructure in Ahmedabad 39
3.1 Introduction to Ahmedabad 39
3.1.1 City Profile 39
3.1.2 Administrative Setup 40
3.1.3 Urban Growth in Ahmedabad 40
3.2 Assessment Framework 41
3.3 Data and Methodology 43
3.4 Assessment of Green Infrastructure 43
3.4.1 Percentage of Green Cover 43
3.4.2 Per Capita Green Infrastructure 51
3.4.3 Accessibility to Parks and Gardens 52
3.5 Assessment of Blue Infrastructure 54
3.5.1 Assessment of Lakes and Ponds 54
3.5.2 Percentage of the Area Under Blue Infrastructure 55
3.6 Site Selection Detailed Zone level Study 57
3.7 Assessment of AMC’s Budget on Blue-Green Infrastructure 59
3.8 Stakeholder Mapping 60
3.9 Stakeholder Consultation on Blue-Green Infrastructure 61
3.9.1 Availability of Land in the Developed Area 61
3.9.2 The absence of any rule or guideline that suggests or specifies how much density of trees should be there in green spaces 62
3.9.3 Lack of Funding 62
3.9.4 The problem of “Not in my back yard” (NIMBY) 62
4 Assessment of Blue-Green Infrastructure 65
4.1 South Zone Profile 65
4.2 Assessment Framework for Detailed Analysis 65
4.3 Assessment of Green Infrastructure 66
4.3.1 Assessment of Parks and Gardens 66
4.3.2 Assessment of Open Spaces 67
4.3.3 Assessment of Urban Forests 68
4.3.4 Assessment of Green Streets and Traffic Island 68
4.4 Assessment of Blue Infrastructure 69
4.4.1 Condition of Khari Canal 71
4.4.2 Disappeared Lakes 72
4.5 Identification of Key Issues 74
5 Strategies to improve Blue-Green Infrastructure 75
5.1 Area Base Strategies 75
5.1.1 Development of Urban Voids into Green Space 75
5.1.2 Redevelopment of Pirana Landfill Site 79
5.1.3 Reservation of Low Lying area 80
5.2 Strategies to Improving Linear Green 81
5.2.1 Greening of streets 81
5.2.2 Linear Green along Khari Canal 82
5.3 Strategies to Improve Blue Infrastructure Integration 83
5.3.1 Restoration of Disappeared Lakes/Ponds 83
5.3.2 Development of Buffer Around Lakes/ Ponds 83
5.3.3 Improving Condition of Lakes and Ponds 84
5.3.4 Interlinking of Lakes 84
5.4 Integration of Blue-Green Infrastructure 85
5.5 Summary of Proposed Strategies for Improvement of Blue-green Infrastructure in the South zone 86
6 Conclusion 87
References xiii
Appendix 1: List of Urban Forests. xvii
Appendix 2: List of Parks and Gardens xxi
Appendix 3: Projected Population of AMC for 2021 xxix
P TH-2671 / CHA
Integrated blue-green infrastructure for sustainable and resilient urban development : Case Study of Ahmedabad (Softcopy is also available) - 2022 - xvii,107p.
Contents
Undertaking i
Acknowledgments v
Abstract vii
Table of Contents .......................................................................................................... ix
List of Figures xiii
List of Tables xvii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Rationale for Study 4
1.2 Aim 5
1.3 Objectives 5
1.4 Scope of study 5
1.5 Methodology 6
2 Literature Review 11
2.1 What is Blue-Green Infrastructure? 11
2.2 Elements of Blue-Green Infrastructure 13
2.2.1 Rain Gardens 13
2.2.2 Green Roofs 14
2.2.3 Vertical Greens 16
2.2.4 Permeable Pavements 17
2.2.5 Lakes 18
2.2.6 Rivers and Canals 18
2.2.7 Urban Forests 19
2.3 Benefits of Blue-Green Infrastructure 19
2.3.1 Hydrological Benefits 20
2.3.2 Environmental Benefits 20
2.3.3 Ecological Benefits 21
2.3.4 Social Benefits 21
2.3.5 Land Regeneration Benefit 21
2.4 Drivers and Barriers to Blue-Green Infrastructure 22
2.4.1 Institutional & Governance 22
2.4.2 Socio-Cultural 23
2.4.3 Financial 24
2.4.4 Knowledge and Technical 24
2.5 BGI in Indian Policy, Mission, Regulation, and Guideline 25
2.5.1 Urban and Regional Development Plans Formulation and Implementation Guideline 26
2.5.2 AUDA Development Plan 2021 27
2.5.3 General Development Control Regulations (GDCR) 28
2.5.4 Climate Smart City Assessment Framework 28
2.5.5 National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) 29
2.5.6 Smart City Mission 30
2.5.7 National Plan for the conservation of Aquatic ecosystem 30
2.6 Case Studies 31
2.6.1 London 31
2.6.2 Singapore 33
2.6.3 Madurai 36
2.6.4 Learnings from the Case Studies 37
2.7 Summarising Literature Review 38
3 Assessment of Blue-Green Infrastructure in Ahmedabad 39
3.1 Introduction to Ahmedabad 39
3.1.1 City Profile 39
3.1.2 Administrative Setup 40
3.1.3 Urban Growth in Ahmedabad 40
3.2 Assessment Framework 41
3.3 Data and Methodology 43
3.4 Assessment of Green Infrastructure 43
3.4.1 Percentage of Green Cover 43
3.4.2 Per Capita Green Infrastructure 51
3.4.3 Accessibility to Parks and Gardens 52
3.5 Assessment of Blue Infrastructure 54
3.5.1 Assessment of Lakes and Ponds 54
3.5.2 Percentage of the Area Under Blue Infrastructure 55
3.6 Site Selection Detailed Zone level Study 57
3.7 Assessment of AMC’s Budget on Blue-Green Infrastructure 59
3.8 Stakeholder Mapping 60
3.9 Stakeholder Consultation on Blue-Green Infrastructure 61
3.9.1 Availability of Land in the Developed Area 61
3.9.2 The absence of any rule or guideline that suggests or specifies how much density of trees should be there in green spaces 62
3.9.3 Lack of Funding 62
3.9.4 The problem of “Not in my back yard” (NIMBY) 62
4 Assessment of Blue-Green Infrastructure 65
4.1 South Zone Profile 65
4.2 Assessment Framework for Detailed Analysis 65
4.3 Assessment of Green Infrastructure 66
4.3.1 Assessment of Parks and Gardens 66
4.3.2 Assessment of Open Spaces 67
4.3.3 Assessment of Urban Forests 68
4.3.4 Assessment of Green Streets and Traffic Island 68
4.4 Assessment of Blue Infrastructure 69
4.4.1 Condition of Khari Canal 71
4.4.2 Disappeared Lakes 72
4.5 Identification of Key Issues 74
5 Strategies to improve Blue-Green Infrastructure 75
5.1 Area Base Strategies 75
5.1.1 Development of Urban Voids into Green Space 75
5.1.2 Redevelopment of Pirana Landfill Site 79
5.1.3 Reservation of Low Lying area 80
5.2 Strategies to Improving Linear Green 81
5.2.1 Greening of streets 81
5.2.2 Linear Green along Khari Canal 82
5.3 Strategies to Improve Blue Infrastructure Integration 83
5.3.1 Restoration of Disappeared Lakes/Ponds 83
5.3.2 Development of Buffer Around Lakes/ Ponds 83
5.3.3 Improving Condition of Lakes and Ponds 84
5.3.4 Interlinking of Lakes 84
5.4 Integration of Blue-Green Infrastructure 85
5.5 Summary of Proposed Strategies for Improvement of Blue-green Infrastructure in the South zone 86
6 Conclusion 87
References xiii
Appendix 1: List of Urban Forests. xvii
Appendix 2: List of Parks and Gardens xxi
Appendix 3: Projected Population of AMC for 2021 xxix
P TH-2671 / CHA