Impact of urbanization on river system, case study Khan river, Indore (Also available on CD)
Qureshi, Arshiya
Impact of urbanization on river system, case study Khan river, Indore (Also available on CD) - 2007 - iv,114,20plates,CD-ROM
TABLE OF CONTENTS: PAGE NO. Certificate. Acknowledgement. Contents 1 Acronyms, Symbols 6 List of plates 7 List of tables 8 List of figures 9 CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 10-13 1.1 Introduction 10 1.2 Aim 12 1.3 Objective 12 1.4 Scope of study 12 1.5 Goal 12 1.6 Methodology 13 CHAPTER 2 : RIVER SYSTEM 14-28 2.1 Hydrological cycle and its components. 14 2.1.1 The natural Systems 2.1.2 Components of hydrological cycle 2.1.3 Total water available in the hydrological cycle 2.2 Water resources 15 2.2.1 Infiltration ratio 2.3 River Systems. 16 2.3.1 River : ephemeral, intermittent, perennial. 2.3.2 Formation of river basin 2.3.2a Precipitation 2.3.2b Evapo transpiration 2.3.2c Interception 2.3.2d Surface runoff 2.3.2e Infiltration 2.3.2f Percolation 2.3.2g Ground water 2.3.2h Channel flow 2.3.3 River classification 2.3.3a Physical classification (youth, mature, old) 2.3.3b Geomorphological classification (stream orders) 2.3.4 River energy 2.3.4a River velocity 2.3.4b River volume 2.3.5 Different stages of river system 2.4 Different factors affecting water resources 21 2.5 Cycles in river system 2.5.1 Floods 2.5.2 Sediment budget 2.5.3 Nutrient budget 2.6 Properties of river water 23 2.6.1 Physical properties 2.6.2 Chemical properties 2.6.3 Biogeochemical properties 2.6.4 Biological properties 2.7 River life and river structure 26 2.7.1 Lotic pattern and their causes 2.7.2 Lotic flora and fauna 2.7.3 Plant succession in water 2.7.4 Plant classification CHAPTER 3 : NATURAL RESOURCES AND URBANIZATION 29-40 3.1 Study of natural resources in river system. 29 3.1.1 Geology 3.1.2 Soils 3.1.3 Topography. 3.1.4 Climate 3.1.5 Hydrology 3.1.6 Vegetation 3.1.7 Matrix 3.1.8 Conclusion 3.2 Relationship of human settlement with river. 31 3.3 Associational values and use of water 31 3.4 A river in human society. 32 3.5 Process of human growth and urbanization. 33 3.5.1 Misuse of rivers. 3.6 Urban (defination) 34 3.6.1 Urbanization 3.6.1a Impact of human activities on river system 3.6.1b Changes in land and water use associated with urbanization 3.6.1c Changing hydrological situation due to growth and urbanization. 3.6.1d Impact of human intervention on hydrological cycle. 3.7 Urbanization and its impact on river flow 39 3.7.1 Effect of urbanization on discharge. 3.7.2 Impact of impervious surface on hydrological cycle. CHAPTER 4 : RIVER POLLUTION 41-54 4.1 River pollution 41 4.1.1 Causes of water pollution 4.1.1a Religious and social practices. 4.1.1b Deforestation. 4.1.1c Agricultural runoff and improper agricultural practices. 4.1.1d Withdrawal of water 4.1.1e Industrializations 4.1.1f Pressure due to urbanization. 4.1.2 Sources of water pollution. 4.1.2a Point sources. 4.1.2b Non point sources 4.2 Conclusion 44 4.3 Impact of pollution on flora and fauna 45 4.4 Self purification capacity of water 46 4.5 Pollution prevention 46 4.5.1 Live filter 4.5.2 Purification by macrophytes (biomanipulation) 4.5.3 The riparian habitat 4.6 Status river pollution in India 48 4.6.1 Amount of waste water discharged in rivers of India. 4.7 Parameters to decide water quality 49 4.8 Classification of water quality 49 4.9 Tolerance limits for inland surface water (CPCB standards) 50 4.10 Rivers in India and their catchment areas 50 4.10.1 Grossly polluted rivers of India covered under NRCP. 4.11 Measures to control river pollution in India. 52 4.11.1 Legislation and its enforcement 4.11.2 The water prevention control of pollution act, 1974 4.11.3 Enforcement of water act 4.11.4 Public nuisance action against the polluters. 4.11.5 Common law right to riparian owners to unpolluted water 4.11.6 River action plan in India 4.12 Inferences 54 CHAPTER 5 : CASE STUDIES 55 Literature case studies 5.1 Ganga river, from Himalayan ranges to Bay of Bengal, India 5.2 Ganga river at Kanpur, India. 5.3 Mula Mutha river, Pune, India. 5.4 Mithi river, Mumbai, India. 5.5 Matrix and conclusion CHAPTER 6 : STUDY REGION 56-68 6.1 Introduction to the region 56 6.1.1 Evolution of river basin 6.1.2 Climate 6.1.3 Rainfall 6.1.4 Physiographic aspects of Khan river 6.1.5 The drainage 6.1.6 Geology 6.1.7 Characteristics of soil 6.1.8 Vegetation of region 6.2 Growth of city and transformation of natural resources 61 6.2.1 Matrix 6.3 Natural resource status at regional level 64 6.3.1 Water bodies of Khan river basin 6.3.2 Hydrology of region 6.3.3 Vegetation in the region 6.3.4 Settlement along river 6.4 Water quality of the region 65 6.4.1 Water quality analysis of the region 6.5 Conclusion 67 CHAPTER 7 : STUDY SUB REGION AND SELECTED AREAS 69-99 7.1 Introduction to sub region 69 7.1.1 Introduction to Indore city 7.1.2 Population growth and urban city area 7.1.3 Landuse distribution 7.1.4 Water supply in Indore city 7.1.5 Water consumption 7.2 Discharge measurement in the river Khan and its tributeries 73 7.3 Sanitation system in the city 74 7.3.1 Offsite disposal system 7.3.2 On site disposal system 7.4 Solid waste generation in the city 75 7.5 Conclusion 75 7.6 Sources of pollution in Indore city 76 7.6.1 Point sources 7.6.1a Domestic waste water source 7.6.1b Industrial waste characteristics 7.6.2 Non point sources 7.6.2a Bank activities 7.6.2b Crematoria 7.6.2c Dhobi ghats 7.6.2d Solid waste 7.6.2e Temples 7.6.2f Open defecation 7.6.2g Agricultural runoff 7.7 Water quality analysis of sub region (Indore city) 82 7.7.1 Water quality characteristics from origin to downstream 7.7.2 Conclusion 7.8 Impact of river water pollution 86 7.8.1 Ground water pollution 7.8.2 Soil contamination 7.9 Impact on downstream 87 7.10 Severity assessment of river stretches 88 7.11 Rain water calculation and conclusion 90 7.11.1 Identification of recharged potential zone 7.12 Identification of the problems in selected areas 96 7.13 Conclusion 99 CHAPTER 8 : PROPOSALS AND MEASURES 100-112 8.1 Proposals for the selected areas 100 8.1.1 Vegetative measures along river edge 8.1.2 Suggest plant material for landscape management. 8.2 Guidelines for landscape management at the regional level 106 8.3 Guidelines for landscape management at sub regional level 108 BIBLIOGRAPHY 113-114
LA TH-0100 / QUR
Impact of urbanization on river system, case study Khan river, Indore (Also available on CD) - 2007 - iv,114,20plates,CD-ROM
TABLE OF CONTENTS: PAGE NO. Certificate. Acknowledgement. Contents 1 Acronyms, Symbols 6 List of plates 7 List of tables 8 List of figures 9 CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 10-13 1.1 Introduction 10 1.2 Aim 12 1.3 Objective 12 1.4 Scope of study 12 1.5 Goal 12 1.6 Methodology 13 CHAPTER 2 : RIVER SYSTEM 14-28 2.1 Hydrological cycle and its components. 14 2.1.1 The natural Systems 2.1.2 Components of hydrological cycle 2.1.3 Total water available in the hydrological cycle 2.2 Water resources 15 2.2.1 Infiltration ratio 2.3 River Systems. 16 2.3.1 River : ephemeral, intermittent, perennial. 2.3.2 Formation of river basin 2.3.2a Precipitation 2.3.2b Evapo transpiration 2.3.2c Interception 2.3.2d Surface runoff 2.3.2e Infiltration 2.3.2f Percolation 2.3.2g Ground water 2.3.2h Channel flow 2.3.3 River classification 2.3.3a Physical classification (youth, mature, old) 2.3.3b Geomorphological classification (stream orders) 2.3.4 River energy 2.3.4a River velocity 2.3.4b River volume 2.3.5 Different stages of river system 2.4 Different factors affecting water resources 21 2.5 Cycles in river system 2.5.1 Floods 2.5.2 Sediment budget 2.5.3 Nutrient budget 2.6 Properties of river water 23 2.6.1 Physical properties 2.6.2 Chemical properties 2.6.3 Biogeochemical properties 2.6.4 Biological properties 2.7 River life and river structure 26 2.7.1 Lotic pattern and their causes 2.7.2 Lotic flora and fauna 2.7.3 Plant succession in water 2.7.4 Plant classification CHAPTER 3 : NATURAL RESOURCES AND URBANIZATION 29-40 3.1 Study of natural resources in river system. 29 3.1.1 Geology 3.1.2 Soils 3.1.3 Topography. 3.1.4 Climate 3.1.5 Hydrology 3.1.6 Vegetation 3.1.7 Matrix 3.1.8 Conclusion 3.2 Relationship of human settlement with river. 31 3.3 Associational values and use of water 31 3.4 A river in human society. 32 3.5 Process of human growth and urbanization. 33 3.5.1 Misuse of rivers. 3.6 Urban (defination) 34 3.6.1 Urbanization 3.6.1a Impact of human activities on river system 3.6.1b Changes in land and water use associated with urbanization 3.6.1c Changing hydrological situation due to growth and urbanization. 3.6.1d Impact of human intervention on hydrological cycle. 3.7 Urbanization and its impact on river flow 39 3.7.1 Effect of urbanization on discharge. 3.7.2 Impact of impervious surface on hydrological cycle. CHAPTER 4 : RIVER POLLUTION 41-54 4.1 River pollution 41 4.1.1 Causes of water pollution 4.1.1a Religious and social practices. 4.1.1b Deforestation. 4.1.1c Agricultural runoff and improper agricultural practices. 4.1.1d Withdrawal of water 4.1.1e Industrializations 4.1.1f Pressure due to urbanization. 4.1.2 Sources of water pollution. 4.1.2a Point sources. 4.1.2b Non point sources 4.2 Conclusion 44 4.3 Impact of pollution on flora and fauna 45 4.4 Self purification capacity of water 46 4.5 Pollution prevention 46 4.5.1 Live filter 4.5.2 Purification by macrophytes (biomanipulation) 4.5.3 The riparian habitat 4.6 Status river pollution in India 48 4.6.1 Amount of waste water discharged in rivers of India. 4.7 Parameters to decide water quality 49 4.8 Classification of water quality 49 4.9 Tolerance limits for inland surface water (CPCB standards) 50 4.10 Rivers in India and their catchment areas 50 4.10.1 Grossly polluted rivers of India covered under NRCP. 4.11 Measures to control river pollution in India. 52 4.11.1 Legislation and its enforcement 4.11.2 The water prevention control of pollution act, 1974 4.11.3 Enforcement of water act 4.11.4 Public nuisance action against the polluters. 4.11.5 Common law right to riparian owners to unpolluted water 4.11.6 River action plan in India 4.12 Inferences 54 CHAPTER 5 : CASE STUDIES 55 Literature case studies 5.1 Ganga river, from Himalayan ranges to Bay of Bengal, India 5.2 Ganga river at Kanpur, India. 5.3 Mula Mutha river, Pune, India. 5.4 Mithi river, Mumbai, India. 5.5 Matrix and conclusion CHAPTER 6 : STUDY REGION 56-68 6.1 Introduction to the region 56 6.1.1 Evolution of river basin 6.1.2 Climate 6.1.3 Rainfall 6.1.4 Physiographic aspects of Khan river 6.1.5 The drainage 6.1.6 Geology 6.1.7 Characteristics of soil 6.1.8 Vegetation of region 6.2 Growth of city and transformation of natural resources 61 6.2.1 Matrix 6.3 Natural resource status at regional level 64 6.3.1 Water bodies of Khan river basin 6.3.2 Hydrology of region 6.3.3 Vegetation in the region 6.3.4 Settlement along river 6.4 Water quality of the region 65 6.4.1 Water quality analysis of the region 6.5 Conclusion 67 CHAPTER 7 : STUDY SUB REGION AND SELECTED AREAS 69-99 7.1 Introduction to sub region 69 7.1.1 Introduction to Indore city 7.1.2 Population growth and urban city area 7.1.3 Landuse distribution 7.1.4 Water supply in Indore city 7.1.5 Water consumption 7.2 Discharge measurement in the river Khan and its tributeries 73 7.3 Sanitation system in the city 74 7.3.1 Offsite disposal system 7.3.2 On site disposal system 7.4 Solid waste generation in the city 75 7.5 Conclusion 75 7.6 Sources of pollution in Indore city 76 7.6.1 Point sources 7.6.1a Domestic waste water source 7.6.1b Industrial waste characteristics 7.6.2 Non point sources 7.6.2a Bank activities 7.6.2b Crematoria 7.6.2c Dhobi ghats 7.6.2d Solid waste 7.6.2e Temples 7.6.2f Open defecation 7.6.2g Agricultural runoff 7.7 Water quality analysis of sub region (Indore city) 82 7.7.1 Water quality characteristics from origin to downstream 7.7.2 Conclusion 7.8 Impact of river water pollution 86 7.8.1 Ground water pollution 7.8.2 Soil contamination 7.9 Impact on downstream 87 7.10 Severity assessment of river stretches 88 7.11 Rain water calculation and conclusion 90 7.11.1 Identification of recharged potential zone 7.12 Identification of the problems in selected areas 96 7.13 Conclusion 99 CHAPTER 8 : PROPOSALS AND MEASURES 100-112 8.1 Proposals for the selected areas 100 8.1.1 Vegetative measures along river edge 8.1.2 Suggest plant material for landscape management. 8.2 Guidelines for landscape management at the regional level 106 8.3 Guidelines for landscape management at sub regional level 108 BIBLIOGRAPHY 113-114
LA TH-0100 / QUR