Impact on livelihood due to policy intervention (Also available on CD)
Aswani, Prachi
Impact on livelihood due to policy intervention (Also available on CD) - 2012 - xv,53,iiip.,CD-ROM
ABSTRACT The study concentrates on the industrial development taken place in the Mundra Coastal region due to policy intervention. A special economic zone was proposed under the industrial policy of the year 2000. Mundra SEZ is the largest by area (6400 Hectares). Two major SEZs of Mundra region are Mundra Port SEZ and Mundra Power SEZ. As the industries developed, there were impacts on the ecology of the region, which had one of the richest biodiversity. People of Mundra were highly dependent on the natural resources to generate their livelihood. People were mainly occupied in traditional occupations such as agriculture, animal husbandary, salt panning and fishery. Industries in Mundra do not offer much of occupation to the local people from villages as they are not skilled and the industrial model of development is new for them. The misery of fishermen of this region is increasing as the fish catch has reduced by 33%. The breeding grounds such as mangroves, creeks and mud flats are being destroyed. Also, by port activites, sea traffic has increased which forces fishermen to migrate. Location of SEZ is on the coast where the banders were located. As the SEZ develpoed, fishermen were not allowed to tresspass the area. Hence, they were not allowed to go to the coast for fishing. Only few fishermen, who were alloted gate passes, were allowed to go. Industrial development also trickled down changes in the social structure of the village. Fishermen were forced to migrate from banders to the village judiciary boundary. This also changed the panchayat structure, as the fishermen who earlier had little say in it, took part in the Panchayat elections. Safety of women and security of fishermen is a major cause of concern in the region. The imbalance in the region is an effect of top down approach of policy intervention without considering the stakeholders. CONTENTS CONTENTS 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Fishing 3 1.2 Need for the Study 4 1.3 Aim and Objectives 6 1.3.1 Aim 6 1.3.2 Objectives 6 1.4 Site Selection 6 1.5 Research Methodology 8 1.6 Framework of the Study 9 1.7 Scope and Limitations 9 1.8 Report outline 9 2 Industrial Policies and Development 10 2.1 National Industrial Policies of India 10 2.1.1 Central (1971) and State (1977) Cash subsidy schemes 11 2.1.2 New Dimension in Policy during the Period of 1980-85 11 2.1.3 Shift in Industrial Policy during 1986-1991 12 2.1.4 Modifications in Industrial Policy during 1990-1995 12 2.1.5 Policy Measures during Period of 1995-2000 13 2.1.6 Economic Liberalization, Structural Adjustments and Shifts in Industrial Policy from the Year 2000 onwards 13 2.1.7 Industrial Policy 2003 14 Infrastructure - Financial Assistance to Industrial Parks 14 Infrastructure - Critical Infrastructure Projects 14 2.1.8 Industrial Policy 2009 14 2.2 Industrial Location Theory 15 2.3 Special Economic Zones (SEZ) 15 2.4 Environmental Impact Assessment 17 2.5 Strategic Environmental Assessment 17 2.6 Special Economic Zones in Mundra (SEZ) 18 2.7 Industrial Estates in Mundra 19 2.8 SEZ Growth in Mundra 19 2.9 Power Plants in Power SEZ, Mundra 20 2.10 Employment in Special Economic Zone 22 3 Study Area- Mundra 23 Transit settlements/ Banders 23 3.1 Demographics 24 Transit Village Demographics 25 3.2 Ecology of the Mundra coastal zone 25 3.3 Traditional Occupations 26 3.3.1 Agriculture 26 3.3.2 Animal Husbandry 27 3.3.3 Salt Panning 27 3.3.4 Fishing 28 3.4 Social Structure of Fishing Community 29 3.5 Issues 29 3.6 Why Fishery? 30 3.7 Factors Affecting Fishery 31 3.8 Fishing Cycles 32 Annual Cycle for Fishing 32 Lunar Cycle 32 3.9 Sample Selection 33 Table 11- Household Sample size 33 4. Findings 34 4.1 Direct Impacts 35 4.1.1 Environmental Degradation 35 4.1.1.1 Mangrove Degradation 35 4.1.1.2 Creek Degradation 37 4.1.1.3 Fishery Decline 38 4.1.2 Decrease in Fishing Area 39 4.1.3 Forced Land Acquisation/ Migration 40 4.1.4 Increase in Sea Traffic 42 4.1.5 Declining Livelihood and Occupation 42 4.1.5.1 Male Occupational Change 42 4.1.5.2 Female Occupational Change 43 4.1.5.3 Household wise Occupational Change in the Study Area 43 4.1.5.4 Fish Production and Economy wise Change in the Study Area 44 4.2 Indirect Impacts 45 4.2.1 Social Imbalance 45 4.2.2 Safety and Security 46 4.2.3 Lack of Infrastructure 46 4.2.4 Health Degradation 46 5. Project Violations 47 6. Conclusion and Recommendations 49 6.1 Conclusion 49 6.2 Recommendations 50 Reference 52
FSECC TH-0014 / ASW
Impact on livelihood due to policy intervention (Also available on CD) - 2012 - xv,53,iiip.,CD-ROM
ABSTRACT The study concentrates on the industrial development taken place in the Mundra Coastal region due to policy intervention. A special economic zone was proposed under the industrial policy of the year 2000. Mundra SEZ is the largest by area (6400 Hectares). Two major SEZs of Mundra region are Mundra Port SEZ and Mundra Power SEZ. As the industries developed, there were impacts on the ecology of the region, which had one of the richest biodiversity. People of Mundra were highly dependent on the natural resources to generate their livelihood. People were mainly occupied in traditional occupations such as agriculture, animal husbandary, salt panning and fishery. Industries in Mundra do not offer much of occupation to the local people from villages as they are not skilled and the industrial model of development is new for them. The misery of fishermen of this region is increasing as the fish catch has reduced by 33%. The breeding grounds such as mangroves, creeks and mud flats are being destroyed. Also, by port activites, sea traffic has increased which forces fishermen to migrate. Location of SEZ is on the coast where the banders were located. As the SEZ develpoed, fishermen were not allowed to tresspass the area. Hence, they were not allowed to go to the coast for fishing. Only few fishermen, who were alloted gate passes, were allowed to go. Industrial development also trickled down changes in the social structure of the village. Fishermen were forced to migrate from banders to the village judiciary boundary. This also changed the panchayat structure, as the fishermen who earlier had little say in it, took part in the Panchayat elections. Safety of women and security of fishermen is a major cause of concern in the region. The imbalance in the region is an effect of top down approach of policy intervention without considering the stakeholders. CONTENTS CONTENTS 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Fishing 3 1.2 Need for the Study 4 1.3 Aim and Objectives 6 1.3.1 Aim 6 1.3.2 Objectives 6 1.4 Site Selection 6 1.5 Research Methodology 8 1.6 Framework of the Study 9 1.7 Scope and Limitations 9 1.8 Report outline 9 2 Industrial Policies and Development 10 2.1 National Industrial Policies of India 10 2.1.1 Central (1971) and State (1977) Cash subsidy schemes 11 2.1.2 New Dimension in Policy during the Period of 1980-85 11 2.1.3 Shift in Industrial Policy during 1986-1991 12 2.1.4 Modifications in Industrial Policy during 1990-1995 12 2.1.5 Policy Measures during Period of 1995-2000 13 2.1.6 Economic Liberalization, Structural Adjustments and Shifts in Industrial Policy from the Year 2000 onwards 13 2.1.7 Industrial Policy 2003 14 Infrastructure - Financial Assistance to Industrial Parks 14 Infrastructure - Critical Infrastructure Projects 14 2.1.8 Industrial Policy 2009 14 2.2 Industrial Location Theory 15 2.3 Special Economic Zones (SEZ) 15 2.4 Environmental Impact Assessment 17 2.5 Strategic Environmental Assessment 17 2.6 Special Economic Zones in Mundra (SEZ) 18 2.7 Industrial Estates in Mundra 19 2.8 SEZ Growth in Mundra 19 2.9 Power Plants in Power SEZ, Mundra 20 2.10 Employment in Special Economic Zone 22 3 Study Area- Mundra 23 Transit settlements/ Banders 23 3.1 Demographics 24 Transit Village Demographics 25 3.2 Ecology of the Mundra coastal zone 25 3.3 Traditional Occupations 26 3.3.1 Agriculture 26 3.3.2 Animal Husbandry 27 3.3.3 Salt Panning 27 3.3.4 Fishing 28 3.4 Social Structure of Fishing Community 29 3.5 Issues 29 3.6 Why Fishery? 30 3.7 Factors Affecting Fishery 31 3.8 Fishing Cycles 32 Annual Cycle for Fishing 32 Lunar Cycle 32 3.9 Sample Selection 33 Table 11- Household Sample size 33 4. Findings 34 4.1 Direct Impacts 35 4.1.1 Environmental Degradation 35 4.1.1.1 Mangrove Degradation 35 4.1.1.2 Creek Degradation 37 4.1.1.3 Fishery Decline 38 4.1.2 Decrease in Fishing Area 39 4.1.3 Forced Land Acquisation/ Migration 40 4.1.4 Increase in Sea Traffic 42 4.1.5 Declining Livelihood and Occupation 42 4.1.5.1 Male Occupational Change 42 4.1.5.2 Female Occupational Change 43 4.1.5.3 Household wise Occupational Change in the Study Area 43 4.1.5.4 Fish Production and Economy wise Change in the Study Area 44 4.2 Indirect Impacts 45 4.2.1 Social Imbalance 45 4.2.2 Safety and Security 46 4.2.3 Lack of Infrastructure 46 4.2.4 Health Degradation 46 5. Project Violations 47 6. Conclusion and Recommendations 49 6.1 Conclusion 49 6.2 Recommendations 50 Reference 52
FSECC TH-0014 / ASW