Policy incentives and disineentives for wastewater reuse - a case of Gujarat (Also available on CD)
Panchal, Kinnari
Policy incentives and disineentives for wastewater reuse - a case of Gujarat (Also available on CD) - 2011 - iii,x,114p.,CD-ROM
CONTENTS List of Figures: VII List of Tables: VIII Abbreviations IX Executive Summary 2 1 Background of the Study: 2 1.1 Sanitation scenario in India: 3 1.2 Need for the Study: 5 1.3 Approach to the Study: 8 1.4 Research Objectives: 10 1.5 Research Questions: 11 1.6 Research Methodology: 11 2 Concept of Wastewater Reuse: 15 2.1 Factors driving Wastewater Reuse: 15 2.2 Wastewater Reuse Options: 15 2.2.1 Direct potable reuse: 16 2.2.2 Indirect potable reuse: 17 2.2.3 Non-potable reuse: 18 2.3 Conclusions: 21 3 Wastewater - A Growing Resource 23 3.1 Importance of Wastewater Reuse Guidelines: 23 3.2 Wastewater Recycling and Reuse in various Countries: 24 3.2.1 Countries with regulations and/or guidelines concerning Wastewater Recycling and Reuse: 26 3.2.2 Countries contemplating regulations concerning Wastewater Recycling and Reuse: 30 3.2.3 Countries without regulations concerning Wastewater Recycling and Reuse: 32 3.3 Conclusions: 35 4 Wastewater Reuse in India: 37 4.1 Brief Overview of Wastewater Reuse in India: 37 4.1.1 Wastewater-fed aquaculture, Calcutta wetlands: 37 4.1.2 Hyderabad: 38 4.1.3 Chennai: 39 4.2 Policy Framework for Wastewater in India: 40 4.3 Legal Framework for Wastewater in India: 43 4.3.1 The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974: 44 4.3.2 The Tiwari Committee, 1980: 44 4.3.3 The Environment (Protection) Act (EPA), 1986: 44 4.3.4 Policy Statement for Abatement of Pollution, 1992: 45 4.3.5 Issues in the Sanitation Framework: 45 4.4 Legal Framework for Groundwater in India: 46 4.4.1 The Indian Easement Act, 1882: 46 4.4.2 The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974: 47 4.4.3 The Environment (Protection) Act (EPA), 1986: 47 4.4.4 The Model Bill: 47 4.4.5 Issues in Groundwater Framework: 49 4.5 Conclusions: 49 5 Wastewater Reuse in Gujarat State 52 5.1 Legal Framework for Wastewater in Gujarat State: 52 5.2 Wastewater Reuse in Gujarat: 53 5.3 Water Pollution due to untreated wastewater: 53 5.3.1 Domestic Sources: 54 5.3.2 Industrial Sources: 54 5.4 Selection of Cities: 54 5.4.1 Class of the cities: 54 5.4.2 Presence of Treatment Plant: 55 5.4.3 Availability of water: 56 5.4.4 Industries located nearby: 59 6 Case of Kalol Nagarpalika, Gujarat: 62 6.1 Kalol City Profile: 62 6.2 Water Supply: 63 6.3 Sewerage: 64 6.3.1 Wastewater Generation: 64 6.3.2 Wastewater Treatment: 65 6.3.3 Wastewater Reuse: 66 6.4 Potential Demand of Treated Wastewater - Industries: 66 6.4.1 Sintex: 66 6.4.2 Kalol Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation (GIDC): 67 6.5 User's perspective - Industries: 68 6.5.1 Water tariffs: 69 6.5.2 Quality of water desired for industrial purposes: 69 6.5.3 Willingness to pay for treated wastewater: 69 6.5.4 Barriers in utilizing treated wastewater: 70 6.6 Potential Demand of Treated Wastewater - Agriculture: 71 6.7 User's perspective - Farmers: 72 6.7.1 Present water charges: 72 6.7.2 Willingness to pay for wastewater: 72 6.7.3 Barriers in utilizing treated wastewater 73 6.8 Opportunity & Challenges for Reusing/Recycling WW in Kalol: 73 6.9 Conclusions: 77 7 Case of Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation: 80 7.1 Ahmedabad City Profile: 80 7.2 Water Supply: 82 7.3 Sewerage: 83 7.3.1 Wastewater Generation: 83 7.3.2 Wastewater Treatment: 84 7.3.3 Wastewater Reuse: 86 7.4 Potential Demand of Treated Wastewater - Industries: 86 7.5 User's perspective - Industries: 89 7.5.1 Water tariffs: 89 7.5.2 Quality of water desired for industrial purposes: 90 7.5.3 Willingness to pay for treated wastewater: 90 7.5.4 Barriers in utilizing treated wastewater: 90 7.6 Potential Demand of Treated Wastewater - Agriculture: 91 7.7 Opportunity & Challenges for Reusing/Recycling WW in Ahmedabad: 92 7.8 Conclusions: 92 8 Factors Influencing WW Reuse: 95 8.1 Internal factors influencing wastewater reuse: 97 8.1.1 Participation of ULB in Reuse process: 97 8.1.2 Cost of treated wastewater: 97 8.1.3 Public awareness: 99 8.1.4 Interplay of various organizations involved: 100 8.2 External factors influencing wastewater reuse: 100 8.2.1 Wastewater Reuse Policy and defined reuse framework: 100 8.2.2 Surface water availability for industries: 101 8.2.3 Groundwater Governance: 101 8.3 Way Forward: 102 Bibliography 105 Annexure 1: Comparison of WW Reuse Guidelines for Agriculture 109 Annexure 2: Hyderabad Declaration 110 Annexure 3: Kalol/ Vatwa GIDC Questionnaire: 113
P TH-1303 / PAN
Policy incentives and disineentives for wastewater reuse - a case of Gujarat (Also available on CD) - 2011 - iii,x,114p.,CD-ROM
CONTENTS List of Figures: VII List of Tables: VIII Abbreviations IX Executive Summary 2 1 Background of the Study: 2 1.1 Sanitation scenario in India: 3 1.2 Need for the Study: 5 1.3 Approach to the Study: 8 1.4 Research Objectives: 10 1.5 Research Questions: 11 1.6 Research Methodology: 11 2 Concept of Wastewater Reuse: 15 2.1 Factors driving Wastewater Reuse: 15 2.2 Wastewater Reuse Options: 15 2.2.1 Direct potable reuse: 16 2.2.2 Indirect potable reuse: 17 2.2.3 Non-potable reuse: 18 2.3 Conclusions: 21 3 Wastewater - A Growing Resource 23 3.1 Importance of Wastewater Reuse Guidelines: 23 3.2 Wastewater Recycling and Reuse in various Countries: 24 3.2.1 Countries with regulations and/or guidelines concerning Wastewater Recycling and Reuse: 26 3.2.2 Countries contemplating regulations concerning Wastewater Recycling and Reuse: 30 3.2.3 Countries without regulations concerning Wastewater Recycling and Reuse: 32 3.3 Conclusions: 35 4 Wastewater Reuse in India: 37 4.1 Brief Overview of Wastewater Reuse in India: 37 4.1.1 Wastewater-fed aquaculture, Calcutta wetlands: 37 4.1.2 Hyderabad: 38 4.1.3 Chennai: 39 4.2 Policy Framework for Wastewater in India: 40 4.3 Legal Framework for Wastewater in India: 43 4.3.1 The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974: 44 4.3.2 The Tiwari Committee, 1980: 44 4.3.3 The Environment (Protection) Act (EPA), 1986: 44 4.3.4 Policy Statement for Abatement of Pollution, 1992: 45 4.3.5 Issues in the Sanitation Framework: 45 4.4 Legal Framework for Groundwater in India: 46 4.4.1 The Indian Easement Act, 1882: 46 4.4.2 The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974: 47 4.4.3 The Environment (Protection) Act (EPA), 1986: 47 4.4.4 The Model Bill: 47 4.4.5 Issues in Groundwater Framework: 49 4.5 Conclusions: 49 5 Wastewater Reuse in Gujarat State 52 5.1 Legal Framework for Wastewater in Gujarat State: 52 5.2 Wastewater Reuse in Gujarat: 53 5.3 Water Pollution due to untreated wastewater: 53 5.3.1 Domestic Sources: 54 5.3.2 Industrial Sources: 54 5.4 Selection of Cities: 54 5.4.1 Class of the cities: 54 5.4.2 Presence of Treatment Plant: 55 5.4.3 Availability of water: 56 5.4.4 Industries located nearby: 59 6 Case of Kalol Nagarpalika, Gujarat: 62 6.1 Kalol City Profile: 62 6.2 Water Supply: 63 6.3 Sewerage: 64 6.3.1 Wastewater Generation: 64 6.3.2 Wastewater Treatment: 65 6.3.3 Wastewater Reuse: 66 6.4 Potential Demand of Treated Wastewater - Industries: 66 6.4.1 Sintex: 66 6.4.2 Kalol Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation (GIDC): 67 6.5 User's perspective - Industries: 68 6.5.1 Water tariffs: 69 6.5.2 Quality of water desired for industrial purposes: 69 6.5.3 Willingness to pay for treated wastewater: 69 6.5.4 Barriers in utilizing treated wastewater: 70 6.6 Potential Demand of Treated Wastewater - Agriculture: 71 6.7 User's perspective - Farmers: 72 6.7.1 Present water charges: 72 6.7.2 Willingness to pay for wastewater: 72 6.7.3 Barriers in utilizing treated wastewater 73 6.8 Opportunity & Challenges for Reusing/Recycling WW in Kalol: 73 6.9 Conclusions: 77 7 Case of Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation: 80 7.1 Ahmedabad City Profile: 80 7.2 Water Supply: 82 7.3 Sewerage: 83 7.3.1 Wastewater Generation: 83 7.3.2 Wastewater Treatment: 84 7.3.3 Wastewater Reuse: 86 7.4 Potential Demand of Treated Wastewater - Industries: 86 7.5 User's perspective - Industries: 89 7.5.1 Water tariffs: 89 7.5.2 Quality of water desired for industrial purposes: 90 7.5.3 Willingness to pay for treated wastewater: 90 7.5.4 Barriers in utilizing treated wastewater: 90 7.6 Potential Demand of Treated Wastewater - Agriculture: 91 7.7 Opportunity & Challenges for Reusing/Recycling WW in Ahmedabad: 92 7.8 Conclusions: 92 8 Factors Influencing WW Reuse: 95 8.1 Internal factors influencing wastewater reuse: 97 8.1.1 Participation of ULB in Reuse process: 97 8.1.2 Cost of treated wastewater: 97 8.1.3 Public awareness: 99 8.1.4 Interplay of various organizations involved: 100 8.2 External factors influencing wastewater reuse: 100 8.2.1 Wastewater Reuse Policy and defined reuse framework: 100 8.2.2 Surface water availability for industries: 101 8.2.3 Groundwater Governance: 101 8.3 Way Forward: 102 Bibliography 105 Annexure 1: Comparison of WW Reuse Guidelines for Agriculture 109 Annexure 2: Hyderabad Declaration 110 Annexure 3: Kalol/ Vatwa GIDC Questionnaire: 113
P TH-1303 / PAN