Decentralised wastewater management system (DEWATS) : an option for periurban areas of Coimbatore city (Also available on CD)
Anitha J.
Decentralised wastewater management system (DEWATS) : an option for periurban areas of Coimbatore city (Also available on CD) - 2010 - v,vii,xi,135,vp.,CD-ROM
CONTENTS1. Introduction 1 1.1. General : 1 1.2. Sewage Collection and treatment scenario in India: 2 1.2.1. The challenge of urban sewage 2 1.2.2. India lacks treatment capacity 2 1.3. The need for the study: 3 1.3.1. Urban sewage management - Issues 3 1.3.2. The Need for Alternate Technologies - Decentralised Wastewater Management System 6 1.3.3. Decentralised Wastewater Management System for Periurban areas 6 1.4. The Context 8 1.5. Research Problem 8 1.6. Research Objectives 9 1.6.1. Main Objective 9 1.6.2. Sub Objectives 9 1.6.3. Hypothesis 9 1.6.4. Scope and limitations 9 1.6.5. Future Scope of work 9 1.7. Approach 10 1.8. Research Methodology 10 1.9. Data collection methods 11 1.9.1. Casestudy and Site visit 11 1.9.2. Sample size 11 1.9.3. Questionnaire formulation: 11 1.9.4. Secondary data: 11 1.9.5. Analytical framework: 12 1.10. Organisation of the report: 13 2. Literature Study 15 2.1. Understanding Wastewater - Definitions and Concepts 15 2.1.1. Definitions 15 2.1.2. Domestic wastewater 15 2.2. Wastewater management - Technology and Practices 16 2.2.1. Treating wastewater 16 2.2.2. Why treat wastewater 17 2.2.3. Stages of treatment 17 2.2.4. Treatment methods 18 2.3. Conventional technologies 19 2.3.1. Cesspools (containment, decentralised) 19 2.3.2. Septic tanks (primary, decentralised) 20 2.3.3. Anaerobic (stabilisation) ponds 20 2.3.4. Aerobic/facultative stabilisation ponds 21 2.3.5. Polishing (maturation) ponds 21 2.3.6. Trickling filter 23 2.4. Emerging technologies 24 2.4.1. DEWATS systems . 24 2.4.2. Soil biotechnology 27 2.4.3. Soil aquifer treatment 28 2.4.4. Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor 28 2.4.5. Rotary biological contactors (decentralised) 29 2.4.6. Activated sludge package plants 29 2.4.7. Cyclic activated sludge process and membrane bioreactor 30 2.4.8. Membrane bioreactor 30 2.4.9. Fluidised aerobic bioreactor (decentralised) 31 2.4.10. Submerged aerobic fixed film process (decentralized) 31 2.4.11. Additives for treating wastewater 31 2.5. Regulations 36 2.5.1. Reuse of wastewater 37 2.6. Previous studies done in this sector 38 2.7. Conclusion 40 3. Review of DEWATS in the Indian context 41 3.1. Objectives 41 3.1.1. Approach 41 3.2. Decentralised Waste Water Treatment System: 42 3.3. DEWATS - Technology 44 3.3.1. Introduction 44 3.3.2. Biological principles of effluent treatment 44 3.3.3. DEWATS principles and devices 45 3.4. DEWATS in India 48 3.4.1. Chronology 48 3.4.2. Application of DEWATS in India 50 3.4.3. Initiatives for Scaling up and policy level interventions 50 3.4.4. DEWATS Projects 50 3.4.5. INFERENCES 54 3.5. CASESTUDIES 55 3.5.1. Isolation hospital staff quarters 55 3.5.2. Rajendra nagar Basti CBS 58 3.5.3. Maharashtra Arogya mandal 62 3.5.4. Bidi workers Colony 64 3.5.5. East Devadanam Colony CBS 67 3.6. Conclusion 72 4. Decentralised Wastewater Management System An Option for Periurban areas of Coimbatore city 73 4.1. Objectives 73 4.2. The Approach 73 4.3. The Context Coimbatore 75 4.4. Periurban areas of Coimbatore city 76 4.5. Existing Sewage and Sanitation scenario in the Periurban areas of Coimbatore city 78 4.5.1. Service Adequacy and key issues 79 4.5.2. Proposed projects in the Corporation - JNNURM 80 4.6. Delineation of the Study area - 82 5. Feasibility of DEWATS 85 5.1. Project Area - Chinnavedampatti Town Panchayat 85 5.1.1. Introduction 85 5.1.2. Demography: 86 5.1.3. Economic development: 86 5.1.4. Socio economic profile: 86 5.1.5. Land and housing:. 86 5.1.6. Markets: 87 5.1.7. Health: 87 5.1.8. Education: 87 5.2. Population pattern 87 5.2.1. Population projection 87 5.2.2. Density pattern 88 5.2.3. Factors that can affect Population growth rate: 88 5.3. Existing Situation Analysis 88 5.3.1. Existing Landuse 88 5.3.2. Existing Landuse distribution 94 5.3.3. Landuse characteristics Ward-level analysis 95 5.3.4. Environment 96 5.4. Institutional Setup 96 5.4.1. Existing institutions involved in various stages of Water supply and Sanitation 96 5.5. Infrastructure - Water Supply 97 5.5.1. Existing system of water supply 97 5.5.2. Proposed augmentation/ improvement: 97 5.6. Infrastructure - Sewerage and Drainage: 98 5.6.1. Sewage scenario Chinnavedampatti 98 5.6.2. Existing sewerage arrangements 98 5.6.3. Wastewater generation 99 5.6.4. Proposed Sewerage Arrangements by TWAD board 99 5.6.5. Public / Community Sanitation 101 5.7. Primary survey findings 102 5.7.1. Survey sample 102 5.7.2. Primary Survey findings 102 Water Supply: 102 Sewerage & Sanitation: 104 5.8. Key Issues / Inferences 106 5.9. Feasibility of DEWATS 108 5.9.1. Comparison of Technology 108 5.9.2. Technical viability 109 5.9.3. Financial viability 110 Comparison of Costs 110 5.10. Cost Benefit Analysis 111 5.10.1. Costs 111 5.10.2. Benefits 111 5.11. Viability of DEWATS 112 6. Conclusions and Recommendations - Strategies for the application of DEWATS 113 6.1. Upscaling plan Decentralised wastewater management system for Periurban areas of Coimbatore city 113 6.1.1. Population projection 113 6.1.2. Demand assessment 114 6.2. Upscaling Strategies 117 6.2.1. Scanning criteria/ Detailed parameters for selection of areas for Decentralised wastewater treatment system 117 6.2.2. DEWATS Infrastructure Investment plan 121 6.3. Issues/Constraints and Opportunities 122 6.4. DEWATS interventions 122 6.4.1. Landuse wise DEWATS interventions 122 6.5. Implementation Framework 124 6.5.1. Phasing of DEWATS Interventions 124 6.5.2. Short term and Long term strategies 125 6.5.3. Policy framework for DEWATS implementation 127 6.5.4. Proposed Institutional Framework 127 6.5.5. Financing Strategies 130 7. Bibliography 131 8. Annexures 133
P TH-1136 / ANI
Decentralised wastewater management system (DEWATS) : an option for periurban areas of Coimbatore city (Also available on CD) - 2010 - v,vii,xi,135,vp.,CD-ROM
CONTENTS1. Introduction 1 1.1. General : 1 1.2. Sewage Collection and treatment scenario in India: 2 1.2.1. The challenge of urban sewage 2 1.2.2. India lacks treatment capacity 2 1.3. The need for the study: 3 1.3.1. Urban sewage management - Issues 3 1.3.2. The Need for Alternate Technologies - Decentralised Wastewater Management System 6 1.3.3. Decentralised Wastewater Management System for Periurban areas 6 1.4. The Context 8 1.5. Research Problem 8 1.6. Research Objectives 9 1.6.1. Main Objective 9 1.6.2. Sub Objectives 9 1.6.3. Hypothesis 9 1.6.4. Scope and limitations 9 1.6.5. Future Scope of work 9 1.7. Approach 10 1.8. Research Methodology 10 1.9. Data collection methods 11 1.9.1. Casestudy and Site visit 11 1.9.2. Sample size 11 1.9.3. Questionnaire formulation: 11 1.9.4. Secondary data: 11 1.9.5. Analytical framework: 12 1.10. Organisation of the report: 13 2. Literature Study 15 2.1. Understanding Wastewater - Definitions and Concepts 15 2.1.1. Definitions 15 2.1.2. Domestic wastewater 15 2.2. Wastewater management - Technology and Practices 16 2.2.1. Treating wastewater 16 2.2.2. Why treat wastewater 17 2.2.3. Stages of treatment 17 2.2.4. Treatment methods 18 2.3. Conventional technologies 19 2.3.1. Cesspools (containment, decentralised) 19 2.3.2. Septic tanks (primary, decentralised) 20 2.3.3. Anaerobic (stabilisation) ponds 20 2.3.4. Aerobic/facultative stabilisation ponds 21 2.3.5. Polishing (maturation) ponds 21 2.3.6. Trickling filter 23 2.4. Emerging technologies 24 2.4.1. DEWATS systems . 24 2.4.2. Soil biotechnology 27 2.4.3. Soil aquifer treatment 28 2.4.4. Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor 28 2.4.5. Rotary biological contactors (decentralised) 29 2.4.6. Activated sludge package plants 29 2.4.7. Cyclic activated sludge process and membrane bioreactor 30 2.4.8. Membrane bioreactor 30 2.4.9. Fluidised aerobic bioreactor (decentralised) 31 2.4.10. Submerged aerobic fixed film process (decentralized) 31 2.4.11. Additives for treating wastewater 31 2.5. Regulations 36 2.5.1. Reuse of wastewater 37 2.6. Previous studies done in this sector 38 2.7. Conclusion 40 3. Review of DEWATS in the Indian context 41 3.1. Objectives 41 3.1.1. Approach 41 3.2. Decentralised Waste Water Treatment System: 42 3.3. DEWATS - Technology 44 3.3.1. Introduction 44 3.3.2. Biological principles of effluent treatment 44 3.3.3. DEWATS principles and devices 45 3.4. DEWATS in India 48 3.4.1. Chronology 48 3.4.2. Application of DEWATS in India 50 3.4.3. Initiatives for Scaling up and policy level interventions 50 3.4.4. DEWATS Projects 50 3.4.5. INFERENCES 54 3.5. CASESTUDIES 55 3.5.1. Isolation hospital staff quarters 55 3.5.2. Rajendra nagar Basti CBS 58 3.5.3. Maharashtra Arogya mandal 62 3.5.4. Bidi workers Colony 64 3.5.5. East Devadanam Colony CBS 67 3.6. Conclusion 72 4. Decentralised Wastewater Management System An Option for Periurban areas of Coimbatore city 73 4.1. Objectives 73 4.2. The Approach 73 4.3. The Context Coimbatore 75 4.4. Periurban areas of Coimbatore city 76 4.5. Existing Sewage and Sanitation scenario in the Periurban areas of Coimbatore city 78 4.5.1. Service Adequacy and key issues 79 4.5.2. Proposed projects in the Corporation - JNNURM 80 4.6. Delineation of the Study area - 82 5. Feasibility of DEWATS 85 5.1. Project Area - Chinnavedampatti Town Panchayat 85 5.1.1. Introduction 85 5.1.2. Demography: 86 5.1.3. Economic development: 86 5.1.4. Socio economic profile: 86 5.1.5. Land and housing:. 86 5.1.6. Markets: 87 5.1.7. Health: 87 5.1.8. Education: 87 5.2. Population pattern 87 5.2.1. Population projection 87 5.2.2. Density pattern 88 5.2.3. Factors that can affect Population growth rate: 88 5.3. Existing Situation Analysis 88 5.3.1. Existing Landuse 88 5.3.2. Existing Landuse distribution 94 5.3.3. Landuse characteristics Ward-level analysis 95 5.3.4. Environment 96 5.4. Institutional Setup 96 5.4.1. Existing institutions involved in various stages of Water supply and Sanitation 96 5.5. Infrastructure - Water Supply 97 5.5.1. Existing system of water supply 97 5.5.2. Proposed augmentation/ improvement: 97 5.6. Infrastructure - Sewerage and Drainage: 98 5.6.1. Sewage scenario Chinnavedampatti 98 5.6.2. Existing sewerage arrangements 98 5.6.3. Wastewater generation 99 5.6.4. Proposed Sewerage Arrangements by TWAD board 99 5.6.5. Public / Community Sanitation 101 5.7. Primary survey findings 102 5.7.1. Survey sample 102 5.7.2. Primary Survey findings 102 Water Supply: 102 Sewerage & Sanitation: 104 5.8. Key Issues / Inferences 106 5.9. Feasibility of DEWATS 108 5.9.1. Comparison of Technology 108 5.9.2. Technical viability 109 5.9.3. Financial viability 110 Comparison of Costs 110 5.10. Cost Benefit Analysis 111 5.10.1. Costs 111 5.10.2. Benefits 111 5.11. Viability of DEWATS 112 6. Conclusions and Recommendations - Strategies for the application of DEWATS 113 6.1. Upscaling plan Decentralised wastewater management system for Periurban areas of Coimbatore city 113 6.1.1. Population projection 113 6.1.2. Demand assessment 114 6.2. Upscaling Strategies 117 6.2.1. Scanning criteria/ Detailed parameters for selection of areas for Decentralised wastewater treatment system 117 6.2.2. DEWATS Infrastructure Investment plan 121 6.3. Issues/Constraints and Opportunities 122 6.4. DEWATS interventions 122 6.4.1. Landuse wise DEWATS interventions 122 6.5. Implementation Framework 124 6.5.1. Phasing of DEWATS Interventions 124 6.5.2. Short term and Long term strategies 125 6.5.3. Policy framework for DEWATS implementation 127 6.5.4. Proposed Institutional Framework 127 6.5.5. Financing Strategies 130 7. Bibliography 131 8. Annexures 133
P TH-1136 / ANI