Strategies for strengthening environmental governance in urban local bodies, case of Ludhiana city (Also available on CD)
Kaur, Ritu Raj
Strategies for strengthening environmental governance in urban local bodies, case of Ludhiana city (Also available on CD) - 2008 - iv,xii,149p.,CD-ROM
CONTENTS Certificate Undertaking Acknowledgement - i List of Tables ..- .. iv List of Maps ..- . v List of figures ..- .. vi Acronyms ..- . viii Executive Summary ..- ix 1 INTRODUCTION- 1 1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY ..- . 1 1.2 NEED OF STUDY ..- .. 2 1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS ..- 2 1.4 AIM & OBJECTIVES ..- .. 3 1.5 SCOPE ..- . 3 1.6 LIMITATIONS- 3 1.7 METHODOLOGY ..- .. 3 1.8 REPORT STRUCTURE: ..- .. 5 2 REVIEW OF ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE FRAMEWORK 6 2.1 DEFINITIONS OF ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE .. 6 2.2 ELEMENTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE ..- .. 7 2.3 PRINCIPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE ..- 8 2.4 STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION ..- 9 2.5 DIFFERENT APPROACHES AND CHANGING TRENDS: INITIATIVES TAKEN AT VARIOUS LEVELS. 10 2.5.1 Global Initiatives ..- . 10 2.5.2 Regional Initiatives: East Asian experience in Environmental Governance .. 11 2.5.3 National Initiatives ..- .. 13 2.5.4 Local Level Initiatives ..- 15 2.6 CONCLUSIONS ..- .. 20 3 BASELINE PROFILE OF LUDHIANA CITY .. 21 3.1 LOCATION AND CITY GLIMPSE ..- 21 3.2 CITY IN REGIONAL CONTEXT ..- 22 3.3 CLIMATIC CONDITIONS ..- .. 23 3.4 HISTORICAL EVOLUTION ..- 23 3.4.1 Glimpses of history over time (Sketching past and present) . 24 3.4.2 Extension of Municipal Limits ..- 25 3.5 DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE ..- 25 3.6 ECONOMIC PROFILE ..- . 28 3.7 LANDUSE PATTERN (EXISTING & PROPOSED) ..- .. 30 3.7.1 Existing Landuse ..- . 31 3.7.2 Proposed Landuse (2003-2021) ..- .. 33 3.8 URBAN LOCAL BODIES IN THE CITY ..- 33 3.8.1 Municipal Corporation Ludhiana ..- 33 3.8.2 Improvement Trust Ludhiana- 34 3.8.3 Punjab Water Supply Sewerage Board ..- . 35 3.8.4 Punjab Urban Development Authority (PUDA) .. 36 3.8.5 Punjab Pollution Control Board Ludhiana (PPCB) 36 3.8.6 Town Planning Department ..- .. 37 3.8.7 Public Works Department / Building and Roads 37 4 SITUATION ANALYSIS (ISSUE IDENTIFICATION & IMPACT ANALYSIS) ..- .. 38 4.1 URBAN GROWTH ..- .. 39 4.1.1 Population Density ..- .. 39 4.1.2 Slums: Pockets of Poverty ..- . 43 4.1.3 Traffic and Transportation ..- 44 4.1.4 Industrial Development ..- 56 4.1.5 Scoring based on ranking for Urban Growth parameters 59 4.1.6 People Perception ..- 63 4.1.7 Governance scenario for Urban Growth ..- 65 4.2 URBAN SERVICES- .. 66 4.2.1 Water Supply ..- . 66 4.2.2 Sewerage ..- .. 71 4.2.3 Strom Water Drainage ..- 76 4.2.4 Solid Waste Management ..- 77 4.2.5 People Perception (Urban Services) ..- . 82 4.2.6 Governance scenario for Urban Services ..- .. 84 4.3 ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE ..- .. 84 4.3.1 Ambient Air Quality ..- . 85 4.3.2 Water Quality (Ground Water & Surface Water) 90 4.3.3 Ground Water Quality: ..- 93 4.3.4 Governance scenario for Environmental profile 96 4.4 HOTSPOT (CRITICAL) AREAS IN THE CITY ..- .. 96 4.4.1 Prioritizing Key Action Areas- Sector Specific 98 4.5 CONCLUSION ..- .. 101 5 CURRENT SCENARIO OF GOVERNANCE .. 102 5.1 DUTIES & FUNCTIONS PERFORMED ..- .. 102 5.2 INITIATIVES BY LMC ..- 103 5.2.1 Muhalla Sudhar Committee..- . 103 5.2.2 TP Schemes by Various Organizations ..- 103 5.3 EXISTING GOVERNANCE ISSUES ..- 104 5.3.1 Overlapping roles and responsibilities ..- 104 5.3.2 Quality of Services ..- . 108 5.3.3 Complex laws and procedures ..- .. 109 5.3.4 Financial Constraints ..- 114 5.4 ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE AT URBAN LOCAL LEVEL .. 117 5.4.1 Initiatives in India..- .. 118 6 STRATEGIES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE .. 121 6.1 CITY LEVEL STRUCTURE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE 122 6.1.1 Proposed LMC institutional Structure ..- . 124 6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE UNIT AT CITY LEVEL ..- 125 6.2.1 Environmental Status Report ..- 126 6.2.2 Green Budget ..- 129 6.2.3 Community Involvement ..- . 132 6.2.4 Public Private Partnership ..- 137 6.3 CONCLUSION ..- .. 140 BIBLIOGRAPHY ..- 141 APPENDIX I ..- 144 APPENDIX II ..- .. 145 APPENDIX III ..- . 146
P TH-1017 / KAU
Strategies for strengthening environmental governance in urban local bodies, case of Ludhiana city (Also available on CD) - 2008 - iv,xii,149p.,CD-ROM
CONTENTS Certificate Undertaking Acknowledgement - i List of Tables ..- .. iv List of Maps ..- . v List of figures ..- .. vi Acronyms ..- . viii Executive Summary ..- ix 1 INTRODUCTION- 1 1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY ..- . 1 1.2 NEED OF STUDY ..- .. 2 1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS ..- 2 1.4 AIM & OBJECTIVES ..- .. 3 1.5 SCOPE ..- . 3 1.6 LIMITATIONS- 3 1.7 METHODOLOGY ..- .. 3 1.8 REPORT STRUCTURE: ..- .. 5 2 REVIEW OF ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE FRAMEWORK 6 2.1 DEFINITIONS OF ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE .. 6 2.2 ELEMENTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE ..- .. 7 2.3 PRINCIPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE ..- 8 2.4 STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION ..- 9 2.5 DIFFERENT APPROACHES AND CHANGING TRENDS: INITIATIVES TAKEN AT VARIOUS LEVELS. 10 2.5.1 Global Initiatives ..- . 10 2.5.2 Regional Initiatives: East Asian experience in Environmental Governance .. 11 2.5.3 National Initiatives ..- .. 13 2.5.4 Local Level Initiatives ..- 15 2.6 CONCLUSIONS ..- .. 20 3 BASELINE PROFILE OF LUDHIANA CITY .. 21 3.1 LOCATION AND CITY GLIMPSE ..- 21 3.2 CITY IN REGIONAL CONTEXT ..- 22 3.3 CLIMATIC CONDITIONS ..- .. 23 3.4 HISTORICAL EVOLUTION ..- 23 3.4.1 Glimpses of history over time (Sketching past and present) . 24 3.4.2 Extension of Municipal Limits ..- 25 3.5 DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE ..- 25 3.6 ECONOMIC PROFILE ..- . 28 3.7 LANDUSE PATTERN (EXISTING & PROPOSED) ..- .. 30 3.7.1 Existing Landuse ..- . 31 3.7.2 Proposed Landuse (2003-2021) ..- .. 33 3.8 URBAN LOCAL BODIES IN THE CITY ..- 33 3.8.1 Municipal Corporation Ludhiana ..- 33 3.8.2 Improvement Trust Ludhiana- 34 3.8.3 Punjab Water Supply Sewerage Board ..- . 35 3.8.4 Punjab Urban Development Authority (PUDA) .. 36 3.8.5 Punjab Pollution Control Board Ludhiana (PPCB) 36 3.8.6 Town Planning Department ..- .. 37 3.8.7 Public Works Department / Building and Roads 37 4 SITUATION ANALYSIS (ISSUE IDENTIFICATION & IMPACT ANALYSIS) ..- .. 38 4.1 URBAN GROWTH ..- .. 39 4.1.1 Population Density ..- .. 39 4.1.2 Slums: Pockets of Poverty ..- . 43 4.1.3 Traffic and Transportation ..- 44 4.1.4 Industrial Development ..- 56 4.1.5 Scoring based on ranking for Urban Growth parameters 59 4.1.6 People Perception ..- 63 4.1.7 Governance scenario for Urban Growth ..- 65 4.2 URBAN SERVICES- .. 66 4.2.1 Water Supply ..- . 66 4.2.2 Sewerage ..- .. 71 4.2.3 Strom Water Drainage ..- 76 4.2.4 Solid Waste Management ..- 77 4.2.5 People Perception (Urban Services) ..- . 82 4.2.6 Governance scenario for Urban Services ..- .. 84 4.3 ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE ..- .. 84 4.3.1 Ambient Air Quality ..- . 85 4.3.2 Water Quality (Ground Water & Surface Water) 90 4.3.3 Ground Water Quality: ..- 93 4.3.4 Governance scenario for Environmental profile 96 4.4 HOTSPOT (CRITICAL) AREAS IN THE CITY ..- .. 96 4.4.1 Prioritizing Key Action Areas- Sector Specific 98 4.5 CONCLUSION ..- .. 101 5 CURRENT SCENARIO OF GOVERNANCE .. 102 5.1 DUTIES & FUNCTIONS PERFORMED ..- .. 102 5.2 INITIATIVES BY LMC ..- 103 5.2.1 Muhalla Sudhar Committee..- . 103 5.2.2 TP Schemes by Various Organizations ..- 103 5.3 EXISTING GOVERNANCE ISSUES ..- 104 5.3.1 Overlapping roles and responsibilities ..- 104 5.3.2 Quality of Services ..- . 108 5.3.3 Complex laws and procedures ..- .. 109 5.3.4 Financial Constraints ..- 114 5.4 ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE AT URBAN LOCAL LEVEL .. 117 5.4.1 Initiatives in India..- .. 118 6 STRATEGIES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE .. 121 6.1 CITY LEVEL STRUCTURE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE 122 6.1.1 Proposed LMC institutional Structure ..- . 124 6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE UNIT AT CITY LEVEL ..- 125 6.2.1 Environmental Status Report ..- 126 6.2.2 Green Budget ..- 129 6.2.3 Community Involvement ..- . 132 6.2.4 Public Private Partnership ..- 137 6.3 CONCLUSION ..- .. 140 BIBLIOGRAPHY ..- 141 APPENDIX I ..- 144 APPENDIX II ..- .. 145 APPENDIX III ..- . 146
P TH-1017 / KAU