Textbook of surveying
Venkatramaiah, C.
Textbook of surveying - Hyderabad University Press [India] Pvt. Ltd. 2009 - xv,676p.
CONTENTS Foreword xii Preface xiii 1INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Definitions and objectives 1 1.2 Basic principles 1 1.3 The shape of the earth 3 1.4 Geodetic and plane surveying 4 1.5 Classification of surveys 5 1.6 The phases of survey work 7 1.7 The importance of surveying 7 1.8 Historical aspects of surveying 8 1.9 Brief definitions 9 2SURVEY MEASUREMENTS AND ERRORS 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Types of measurements 2.3 Checking measurements 2.4 Units of measurement 2.5 Significant figures 2.6 Rounding off numbers 2.7 Direct and indirect measurements 2.8 Errors in measurement 2.9 Sources of error 2.10 Types of error 2.11 Elementary concept of probability 2.12 Frequency distributions 2.13 The probability function 2.14 The normal distribution 2.15 Sampling 2.16 Sample statistics for location and dispersion 2.17 Accuracy, precision and relative precision of measurements 2.18 Weight 2.19 The most probable value 2.20 A Relationship between angle and distance 3ANGLES, BEARINGS AND AZIMUTHS 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Horizontal angles 3.3 Bearings 3.4 Azimuths 33 3.5 Using bearings and azimuths 33 3.6 Illustrative problems 34 4CHAIN SURVEYING 37 4.1 Introduction 37 4.2 Equipment 37 4.3 Chain surveying procedures 43 4.4 Errors in chain surveying 53 4.5 Planning and carrying out a chain survey 55 4.6 Recording (or booking) field notes 59 4.7 Plotting a chain survey 61 4.8 Examples of chain surveys 61 4.9 Illustrative problems 62 5COMPASS SURVEYING 70 5.1 Introduction 70 5.2 Magnetic compass 70 5.3 Dip of a magnetic needle 74 5.4 Magnetic declination 74 5.5 Local attraction 76 5.6 Compass surveying 76 5.7 Computation of a compass traverse 77 5.8 Plotting a compass traverse 83 5.9 Sources of error in compass surveying 86 5.10 Illustrative problems 87 6PLANE TABLE SURVEYING 106 6.1 Introduction 106 6.2 The plane table 106 6.3 Accessories 107 6.4 Setting up the plane table 109 6.5 Plane tabling techniques 110 6.6 Plane-table testing and adjustment 117 6.7 Uses of plane tabling 117 6.8 Errors in plane tabling 117 6.9 Practical suggestions and precautions 6.10 Kdvantages and d\sad-vantages of plane tabling 119 6.11 Illustrative problems 120 7LEVELLING AND CONTOURING 123 7.1 Introduction 123 7.2 Basic terms in levelling 123 7.3 Curvature and refraction 124 7.4 The level 126 7.5 The levelling staff 131 7.6 Types of levels 132 7.7 Temporary adjustments of a level 133 7.8 Methods of levelling 134 7.9 Fly levelling 136 7.10 Longitudinal sectioning and cross-sectioning 139 7.11 Reciprocal levelling 142 7.12 Setting out levels 143 7.13 Common levelling problems 144 7.14 Contouring 145 7.15 Permanent adjustments of a level 153 7.16 Levelling errors 159 7.17 Precautions in levelling 160 7.18 Illustrative problems 160 8 MINOR INSTRUMENTS 180 8.1 Introduction 180 8.2 The box sextant 180 8.3 The hand level 183 8.4 The Abney level 184 8.5 The India pattern clinometer 184 8.6 The Ceylon ghat tracer 186 8.7 The pantagraph 186 8.8 The planimeter 188 8.9 Illustrative problems 191 9 THEODOLITE SURVEYING 197 9.1 Introduction and historical note 197 9.2 The theodolite 197 9.3 Temporary adjustments of a theodolite 205 9.4 Measuring angles by theodolite 205 9.5 Field operations with a theodolite 207 9.6 Theodolite traversing 210 9.7 Omitted measurements in theodolite traversing 215 9.8 Miscellaneous problems in theodolite surveying 219 9.9 Permanent adjustments of a theodolite 227 9.10 Errors in theodolite surveying 233 9.11 Illustrative problems 235 10ARE AS AND VOLUMES 253 10.1 Introduction 253 10.2 Areas 253 10.3 Volumes 269 10.4 Illustrative problems 282 11 TACHEOMETRY 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Optical distance measurement 11.3 Stadia tacheometry 11.4 Tangential tacheometry 11.5 The subtense system 319 11.6 Range finding 320 11.7 Errors in tacheometry 322l 11.8 Uses of tacheometry 323 11.9 Illustrative problems 323 12 CURVE RANGING 338 12.1 Introduction 338 12.2 Classification of curves 338 12.3 Simple circular curves 339 12.4 Illustrative problems 358 12.5 Compound curves 363 12.6 Illustrative problems 365 12.7 Reverse curves 366 12.8 Illustrative problems 369 12.9 Transition curves 371 12.10 Illustrative problems 386 12.11 Sight distances on horizontal curves 390 12.12 Vertical curves 391 12.13 Illustrative problems 399 12.14 Errors in curve ranging 404 12.15 Precautions in curve ranging 405 13 TRIANGULATION AND BASELINE MEASUREMENT 411 13.1 Introduction 411 13.2 Triangulation 411 13.3 Illustrative problems 425 13.4 Baseline measurement 432 13.5 Illustrative problems on baseline measurement 442 13.6 The theory of errors 445 13.7 Illustrative problems on theory of errors 460 13.8 Adjusting a triangulation network 471 13.9 Illustrative problems on triangulation adjustment 484 14 TRIGONOMETRIC LEVELLING 513 14.1 Introduction 513 14.2 Curvature and refraction 513 14.3 The axis-signal correction 515 14.4 Measuring differences in elevation 517 14.5 Accuracy 526 14.6 Illustrative problems 528 15 HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING 537 15.1 Introduction 537 15.2 Tides 537 15.3 Shoreline surveys 547 15.4 Soundings549 15.5 Tidal current surveys 558 15.6 The capacity of a reservoir or lake 559 15.7 River surveying (stream gauging) 560 15.8 Illustrative problems 565 16CONSTRUCTION SURVEYS 576 16.1 Introduction 576 16.2 Staking out buildings 576 16.3 Staking out pipelines and sewers 578 16.4 Staking out highways 579 16.5Staking out culverts 579 16.6 Bridge surveys 580 16.7 Tunnel surveys 581 16.8 Miscellaneous construction surveys 586 16.9 Sources of error in construction surveys 586 17CERTAIN SPECIAL AND MODERN INSTRUMENTS 588 17.1 Introduction 588 17.2 Sextants 588 17.3 An artificial horizon 591 17.4 Mining theodolites 595 17.5 Micrometer theodolites 18OTHER AND MODERN METHODS OF SURVEYING 602 18.1 Introduction 602 18.2 Precise traversing 602 18.3 Precise levelling 602 18.4Astronomical surveying 606 18.5 Photogrammetry 614 18.6Airphoto interpretation 618 18.7 Electronic distance measurement (EDM) 622 18.8Remote sensing 627 18.9Illustrative problems 637 Appendix A : SI units 646 Appendix B : List of symbols 648 Answers to numerical problems 651 Objective questions in surveying 656 Answers to objective questions 667 Index 671
817371021X
624.11 / VEN
Textbook of surveying - Hyderabad University Press [India] Pvt. Ltd. 2009 - xv,676p.
CONTENTS Foreword xii Preface xiii 1INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Definitions and objectives 1 1.2 Basic principles 1 1.3 The shape of the earth 3 1.4 Geodetic and plane surveying 4 1.5 Classification of surveys 5 1.6 The phases of survey work 7 1.7 The importance of surveying 7 1.8 Historical aspects of surveying 8 1.9 Brief definitions 9 2SURVEY MEASUREMENTS AND ERRORS 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Types of measurements 2.3 Checking measurements 2.4 Units of measurement 2.5 Significant figures 2.6 Rounding off numbers 2.7 Direct and indirect measurements 2.8 Errors in measurement 2.9 Sources of error 2.10 Types of error 2.11 Elementary concept of probability 2.12 Frequency distributions 2.13 The probability function 2.14 The normal distribution 2.15 Sampling 2.16 Sample statistics for location and dispersion 2.17 Accuracy, precision and relative precision of measurements 2.18 Weight 2.19 The most probable value 2.20 A Relationship between angle and distance 3ANGLES, BEARINGS AND AZIMUTHS 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Horizontal angles 3.3 Bearings 3.4 Azimuths 33 3.5 Using bearings and azimuths 33 3.6 Illustrative problems 34 4CHAIN SURVEYING 37 4.1 Introduction 37 4.2 Equipment 37 4.3 Chain surveying procedures 43 4.4 Errors in chain surveying 53 4.5 Planning and carrying out a chain survey 55 4.6 Recording (or booking) field notes 59 4.7 Plotting a chain survey 61 4.8 Examples of chain surveys 61 4.9 Illustrative problems 62 5COMPASS SURVEYING 70 5.1 Introduction 70 5.2 Magnetic compass 70 5.3 Dip of a magnetic needle 74 5.4 Magnetic declination 74 5.5 Local attraction 76 5.6 Compass surveying 76 5.7 Computation of a compass traverse 77 5.8 Plotting a compass traverse 83 5.9 Sources of error in compass surveying 86 5.10 Illustrative problems 87 6PLANE TABLE SURVEYING 106 6.1 Introduction 106 6.2 The plane table 106 6.3 Accessories 107 6.4 Setting up the plane table 109 6.5 Plane tabling techniques 110 6.6 Plane-table testing and adjustment 117 6.7 Uses of plane tabling 117 6.8 Errors in plane tabling 117 6.9 Practical suggestions and precautions 6.10 Kdvantages and d\sad-vantages of plane tabling 119 6.11 Illustrative problems 120 7LEVELLING AND CONTOURING 123 7.1 Introduction 123 7.2 Basic terms in levelling 123 7.3 Curvature and refraction 124 7.4 The level 126 7.5 The levelling staff 131 7.6 Types of levels 132 7.7 Temporary adjustments of a level 133 7.8 Methods of levelling 134 7.9 Fly levelling 136 7.10 Longitudinal sectioning and cross-sectioning 139 7.11 Reciprocal levelling 142 7.12 Setting out levels 143 7.13 Common levelling problems 144 7.14 Contouring 145 7.15 Permanent adjustments of a level 153 7.16 Levelling errors 159 7.17 Precautions in levelling 160 7.18 Illustrative problems 160 8 MINOR INSTRUMENTS 180 8.1 Introduction 180 8.2 The box sextant 180 8.3 The hand level 183 8.4 The Abney level 184 8.5 The India pattern clinometer 184 8.6 The Ceylon ghat tracer 186 8.7 The pantagraph 186 8.8 The planimeter 188 8.9 Illustrative problems 191 9 THEODOLITE SURVEYING 197 9.1 Introduction and historical note 197 9.2 The theodolite 197 9.3 Temporary adjustments of a theodolite 205 9.4 Measuring angles by theodolite 205 9.5 Field operations with a theodolite 207 9.6 Theodolite traversing 210 9.7 Omitted measurements in theodolite traversing 215 9.8 Miscellaneous problems in theodolite surveying 219 9.9 Permanent adjustments of a theodolite 227 9.10 Errors in theodolite surveying 233 9.11 Illustrative problems 235 10ARE AS AND VOLUMES 253 10.1 Introduction 253 10.2 Areas 253 10.3 Volumes 269 10.4 Illustrative problems 282 11 TACHEOMETRY 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Optical distance measurement 11.3 Stadia tacheometry 11.4 Tangential tacheometry 11.5 The subtense system 319 11.6 Range finding 320 11.7 Errors in tacheometry 322l 11.8 Uses of tacheometry 323 11.9 Illustrative problems 323 12 CURVE RANGING 338 12.1 Introduction 338 12.2 Classification of curves 338 12.3 Simple circular curves 339 12.4 Illustrative problems 358 12.5 Compound curves 363 12.6 Illustrative problems 365 12.7 Reverse curves 366 12.8 Illustrative problems 369 12.9 Transition curves 371 12.10 Illustrative problems 386 12.11 Sight distances on horizontal curves 390 12.12 Vertical curves 391 12.13 Illustrative problems 399 12.14 Errors in curve ranging 404 12.15 Precautions in curve ranging 405 13 TRIANGULATION AND BASELINE MEASUREMENT 411 13.1 Introduction 411 13.2 Triangulation 411 13.3 Illustrative problems 425 13.4 Baseline measurement 432 13.5 Illustrative problems on baseline measurement 442 13.6 The theory of errors 445 13.7 Illustrative problems on theory of errors 460 13.8 Adjusting a triangulation network 471 13.9 Illustrative problems on triangulation adjustment 484 14 TRIGONOMETRIC LEVELLING 513 14.1 Introduction 513 14.2 Curvature and refraction 513 14.3 The axis-signal correction 515 14.4 Measuring differences in elevation 517 14.5 Accuracy 526 14.6 Illustrative problems 528 15 HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING 537 15.1 Introduction 537 15.2 Tides 537 15.3 Shoreline surveys 547 15.4 Soundings549 15.5 Tidal current surveys 558 15.6 The capacity of a reservoir or lake 559 15.7 River surveying (stream gauging) 560 15.8 Illustrative problems 565 16CONSTRUCTION SURVEYS 576 16.1 Introduction 576 16.2 Staking out buildings 576 16.3 Staking out pipelines and sewers 578 16.4 Staking out highways 579 16.5Staking out culverts 579 16.6 Bridge surveys 580 16.7 Tunnel surveys 581 16.8 Miscellaneous construction surveys 586 16.9 Sources of error in construction surveys 586 17CERTAIN SPECIAL AND MODERN INSTRUMENTS 588 17.1 Introduction 588 17.2 Sextants 588 17.3 An artificial horizon 591 17.4 Mining theodolites 595 17.5 Micrometer theodolites 18OTHER AND MODERN METHODS OF SURVEYING 602 18.1 Introduction 602 18.2 Precise traversing 602 18.3 Precise levelling 602 18.4Astronomical surveying 606 18.5 Photogrammetry 614 18.6Airphoto interpretation 618 18.7 Electronic distance measurement (EDM) 622 18.8Remote sensing 627 18.9Illustrative problems 637 Appendix A : SI units 646 Appendix B : List of symbols 648 Answers to numerical problems 651 Objective questions in surveying 656 Answers to objective questions 667 Index 671
817371021X
624.11 / VEN