Surveying. Vol.3
Punmia, B. C. & others
Surveying. Vol.3 - Ed.9 - New Delhi Laxmi Publications [P] Ltd. 2004 - viii,352p.
CONTENTS : Chapter 1.Field Astronomy 1.1. Definitions of Astronomical terms .. 1 1.2. Co-ordinate systems .. 5 1.3. The terrestrial latitude and longitude .. 12 1-4. Spherical trigonometry and spherical triangle .-- 15 1-5. The Astronomical triangle .. 21 Star at elongation .. 22 Star at prime vertical .. 24 Star at horizon .. 25 Star at culmination .. 25 1.6. Relationships between co-ordinates .. 27 1.7. The Earth and the Sun .. 45 The Earth's orbital motion round the sun : The seasons .. 47 Measurement of Time 1-8. Units of time .. 51 Sidereal time .. 52 Solar apparent time .. 53 Mean solar time .. 54 The equation of time .. 55 Obliquity of the ecliptic .. 56 Ellipticity of the orbit .. 58 Standard time .. 60 The civil time .. 61 1.9. Interconversion of time .. 61 1.10. Interpolation of values .. 89 1.11. Instrumental and astronomical corrections to the observed altitude and azimuth .. 91 Correction for index error .. 91 Correction for bubble error .. 92 Correction for trunnion axis dislevelment .. 93 Correction for parallax .. 95 Correction for refraction .. 96 Correction for dip of the horizon .. 98 Correction for semi-diameter .. 99 1.12. Observations for Time .. 103 Time by meridian altitude of a star .. 104 Time by meridian transit of the sun .. 105 Time by ex-meridian observation of a star .. 106 Time by ex-meridian observation of the sun .. 108 Time by equal altitudes of two stars .. 112 Time by equal altitudes of the sun .. 114 1.13. Time of rising or setting of a heavenly body .. 120 Length of day and night .. 121 The duration of twilight .. 122 1.14. The sun dials .. 123 1.15. The calender .. 125 1.16. Determination of Azimuth .. 126 Observations on star at equal altitudes .. 127 Observations on sun at equal altitudes .. 131 Observations on a circumpolar star at elongations .. 131 Azimuth by hour angle of star or sun .. 136 Azimuth by observation on polaris .. 138 Azimuth by ex-meridian observation on star 140 Azimuth by ex-meridian observation on the sun .. 143 1.17. Determination of Latitude .. 159 Latitude by meridian altitude of star .. 160 Latitude by meridian altitude of the sun .. 162 Latitude by zenith pair observations of stars .. 164 Latitude by meridian altitude of a circum polar star at upper and lower culmination .. 165 Latitude by ex-meridian observation of star or sun .. 166 Latitude by prime vertical transit .. 168 Latitude by altitude of pole .. 172 Latitude by circum-meridian altitude of star or the sum .. 174 1.18. Determination of Longitude .. 190 Longitude by transportation of chronometers .. 190 Longitude by wireless signals 192 Problems .. 192 Answers .. 197 Chapter 2.Photogrammetric Surveying 2.1. Introduction .. 199 Terrestnal Photogrammetry 2.2. Basic principles .. 200 2.3. The photo-theodolite .. 202 2-4. Definitions .. 203 2.5. Horizontal and vertical angles from terrestrical photographs .. 205 2.6. Horizontal position of a point from photographic measurement : Camera axis horizontal .. 207 Camera position by resection .. 208 Azimuth of a line from photographic measurement .. 209 Orientation of picture traces 210 2.7. Elevation of a point by photographic measurement .. 211 Elevation by graphical construction .. 213 2.8. Determination of focal length of the lens .. 214 AERIAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY 2.9. Aerial camera .. 218 2.10. Definitions and nomenclature .. 224 2.11. Scale of vertical photograph .. 229 2.12. Computation of length of line between points of different elevations from measurements on a vertical photograph .. 223 2.13. Determination of height of lens for a vertical photograph .. 234 2.14. Relief displacement on a vertical photograph .. 235 Height of object from relief displacement .. 238 2.15. Scale of a tilted photograph .. 245 2.16. Computation of length of line between point's of different elevations from measurements on a tilted photograph .. 248 2.17. Determination of flying height of a tilted photograph .. 249 2.18. Tilt distortion or tilt displacement .. 250 2.19. Relief displacement on a tilted photograph .. 254 2.20. Combined effects of tilt and relief .. 255 2.21. Flight planning for aerial photography .. 257 Effective coverage of the photograph .. 259 Se lection of flying altitude .. 263 Number of photograph necessary to cover a given area .. 264 Interval between exposures .. 265 Crab and drift .. 265 Computation of flight plan .. 266 2.22. The ground control for photogrammetry .. 270 2.23. Radial line method of plotting .. 271 Principles of radial line resection and intersection .. 272 Transfer of principal points .. 275 Marking the photographs .. 276 Plotting the map control .. 278 Transferring photographic details .. 280 Plain templets method of control .. 280 Soltted templets method of control .. 281 STEREOSCOPY AND PARALLAX 2.24. Stereoscopic vision .. 283 Angle of parallax .. 283 Stereoscopic fusion .. 284 Clues of depth perception .. 286 The mirror stereoscope .. 287 The lens stereoscope .. 289 2.25. Parallax in aerial stereoscopic views .. 289 Algebraic definitions of parallax ,.. 291 2.26. Parallax equations for determining elevation and ground co-ordinates of a point .. 292 2.27. Effects of changes in elevation and parallax .. 298 The unit-change method .. 298 The parallax-table method .. 299 2.28. Measurement of Parallax ; the Parallax Bar .. 304 2.29. Rectification and Enlargement .. 307 Scheimpflug condition .. 310 2.30. Mosaics .. 312 2.31. Stereoscopic Plotting instruments : .. 313 The Multiplex Plotter .. 314 Problems .. 316 Answers .. 318 Chapter 3.Electro-Magnetic Distance Measurement (EDM) 3.1. Introduction .. 319 3.2. Electro-magnetic waves .. 319 3.3. Modulation .. 324 3.4. Types of EDM instruments .. 325 3.5. The Geodimeter .. 328 3.6. The Tellurometer .. 330 3.7. Wild 'Distomats' .. 333 APPENDIX I : Questions from A.M.I.E. Sec. B Examination .. 346
8170080541
624.11 / PUN
Surveying. Vol.3 - Ed.9 - New Delhi Laxmi Publications [P] Ltd. 2004 - viii,352p.
CONTENTS : Chapter 1.Field Astronomy 1.1. Definitions of Astronomical terms .. 1 1.2. Co-ordinate systems .. 5 1.3. The terrestrial latitude and longitude .. 12 1-4. Spherical trigonometry and spherical triangle .-- 15 1-5. The Astronomical triangle .. 21 Star at elongation .. 22 Star at prime vertical .. 24 Star at horizon .. 25 Star at culmination .. 25 1.6. Relationships between co-ordinates .. 27 1.7. The Earth and the Sun .. 45 The Earth's orbital motion round the sun : The seasons .. 47 Measurement of Time 1-8. Units of time .. 51 Sidereal time .. 52 Solar apparent time .. 53 Mean solar time .. 54 The equation of time .. 55 Obliquity of the ecliptic .. 56 Ellipticity of the orbit .. 58 Standard time .. 60 The civil time .. 61 1.9. Interconversion of time .. 61 1.10. Interpolation of values .. 89 1.11. Instrumental and astronomical corrections to the observed altitude and azimuth .. 91 Correction for index error .. 91 Correction for bubble error .. 92 Correction for trunnion axis dislevelment .. 93 Correction for parallax .. 95 Correction for refraction .. 96 Correction for dip of the horizon .. 98 Correction for semi-diameter .. 99 1.12. Observations for Time .. 103 Time by meridian altitude of a star .. 104 Time by meridian transit of the sun .. 105 Time by ex-meridian observation of a star .. 106 Time by ex-meridian observation of the sun .. 108 Time by equal altitudes of two stars .. 112 Time by equal altitudes of the sun .. 114 1.13. Time of rising or setting of a heavenly body .. 120 Length of day and night .. 121 The duration of twilight .. 122 1.14. The sun dials .. 123 1.15. The calender .. 125 1.16. Determination of Azimuth .. 126 Observations on star at equal altitudes .. 127 Observations on sun at equal altitudes .. 131 Observations on a circumpolar star at elongations .. 131 Azimuth by hour angle of star or sun .. 136 Azimuth by observation on polaris .. 138 Azimuth by ex-meridian observation on star 140 Azimuth by ex-meridian observation on the sun .. 143 1.17. Determination of Latitude .. 159 Latitude by meridian altitude of star .. 160 Latitude by meridian altitude of the sun .. 162 Latitude by zenith pair observations of stars .. 164 Latitude by meridian altitude of a circum polar star at upper and lower culmination .. 165 Latitude by ex-meridian observation of star or sun .. 166 Latitude by prime vertical transit .. 168 Latitude by altitude of pole .. 172 Latitude by circum-meridian altitude of star or the sum .. 174 1.18. Determination of Longitude .. 190 Longitude by transportation of chronometers .. 190 Longitude by wireless signals 192 Problems .. 192 Answers .. 197 Chapter 2.Photogrammetric Surveying 2.1. Introduction .. 199 Terrestnal Photogrammetry 2.2. Basic principles .. 200 2.3. The photo-theodolite .. 202 2-4. Definitions .. 203 2.5. Horizontal and vertical angles from terrestrical photographs .. 205 2.6. Horizontal position of a point from photographic measurement : Camera axis horizontal .. 207 Camera position by resection .. 208 Azimuth of a line from photographic measurement .. 209 Orientation of picture traces 210 2.7. Elevation of a point by photographic measurement .. 211 Elevation by graphical construction .. 213 2.8. Determination of focal length of the lens .. 214 AERIAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY 2.9. Aerial camera .. 218 2.10. Definitions and nomenclature .. 224 2.11. Scale of vertical photograph .. 229 2.12. Computation of length of line between points of different elevations from measurements on a vertical photograph .. 223 2.13. Determination of height of lens for a vertical photograph .. 234 2.14. Relief displacement on a vertical photograph .. 235 Height of object from relief displacement .. 238 2.15. Scale of a tilted photograph .. 245 2.16. Computation of length of line between point's of different elevations from measurements on a tilted photograph .. 248 2.17. Determination of flying height of a tilted photograph .. 249 2.18. Tilt distortion or tilt displacement .. 250 2.19. Relief displacement on a tilted photograph .. 254 2.20. Combined effects of tilt and relief .. 255 2.21. Flight planning for aerial photography .. 257 Effective coverage of the photograph .. 259 Se lection of flying altitude .. 263 Number of photograph necessary to cover a given area .. 264 Interval between exposures .. 265 Crab and drift .. 265 Computation of flight plan .. 266 2.22. The ground control for photogrammetry .. 270 2.23. Radial line method of plotting .. 271 Principles of radial line resection and intersection .. 272 Transfer of principal points .. 275 Marking the photographs .. 276 Plotting the map control .. 278 Transferring photographic details .. 280 Plain templets method of control .. 280 Soltted templets method of control .. 281 STEREOSCOPY AND PARALLAX 2.24. Stereoscopic vision .. 283 Angle of parallax .. 283 Stereoscopic fusion .. 284 Clues of depth perception .. 286 The mirror stereoscope .. 287 The lens stereoscope .. 289 2.25. Parallax in aerial stereoscopic views .. 289 Algebraic definitions of parallax ,.. 291 2.26. Parallax equations for determining elevation and ground co-ordinates of a point .. 292 2.27. Effects of changes in elevation and parallax .. 298 The unit-change method .. 298 The parallax-table method .. 299 2.28. Measurement of Parallax ; the Parallax Bar .. 304 2.29. Rectification and Enlargement .. 307 Scheimpflug condition .. 310 2.30. Mosaics .. 312 2.31. Stereoscopic Plotting instruments : .. 313 The Multiplex Plotter .. 314 Problems .. 316 Answers .. 318 Chapter 3.Electro-Magnetic Distance Measurement (EDM) 3.1. Introduction .. 319 3.2. Electro-magnetic waves .. 319 3.3. Modulation .. 324 3.4. Types of EDM instruments .. 325 3.5. The Geodimeter .. 328 3.6. The Tellurometer .. 330 3.7. Wild 'Distomats' .. 333 APPENDIX I : Questions from A.M.I.E. Sec. B Examination .. 346
8170080541
624.11 / PUN