Solar thermal technologies for buildings : the state of the art
Santamouris, M. Ed.
Solar thermal technologies for buildings : the state of the art - London James & James (Science Publishers) Ltd. 2003 - xiii,240p. - Best Building, energy and solar technology series Ed. by Mat Santamouris .
CONTENTS Editorial note xi 1 Passive solar heating of buildings 1 K. Voss and V. Wittwer 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The theory of passive solar heating 2 1.3 Passive solar contributions today - the SolGain results 3 1.4 High-performance housing - solar gains in buildings with low heat loads 6 1.4.1 The methodology 6 1.4.2 Four examples 6 1.4.3 The shortened heating season 9 1.4.4 Lessons learned 9 1.5 Related materials and technologies 10 1.5.1 Advanced glazing 10 1.5.2 Solar gains on opaque building elements 14 1.5.3 Increased thermal capacity 15 1.6 Related energy supply 15 1.7 References 16 2 Active solar heating and cooling of buildings 17 A, M. Papadopoulos 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Classification of solar systems and current state of the art 19 2.3 Aims for the future: the technologies 24 2.3.1 Components 24 2.3.2 Systems' integration and applications 25 2.4 Aims for the future 30 2.4.1 The market 30 2.4.2 A call for sustainable energy policies 32 2.5 Conclusions 34 2.6 References 35 3 Spectrally selective materials for efficient visible, solar and thermal radiation control 37 M. G. Hutchins 3.1 Introduction 37 3.2 Solar thermal conversion 38 3.2.1 Solar absorber coatings 39 3.2.2 The transparent collector cover 42 3.3 Transparent selective coatings for windows 42 3.3.1 Spectrally selective low emittance for passive solar gain 44 3.3.2 Solar control glazing 44 3.3.3 Evacuated glazing 47 3.3.4 Nanoparticle-doped polymeric solar control glazing 48 3.4 Switchable glazing materials 48 3.4.1 Electrochromic glazing 49 3.4.2 Thermochromic and thermotropic glazing 51 3.4.3 Gasochromic glazing 52 3.5 Measurement of the optical properties 55 3.5.1 Angle-dependent visible and solar properties 55 3.5.2 Thermal optical properties measurements 56 3.5.3 An EU window energy data thematic network (WinDat) 59 3.6 Acknowledgements 61 3.8 References 62 4 Advanced control systems for energy and environmental performance of buildings 65 G. Guarracino, D. Kolokotsa, V. Geros 4.1 Impact of global control of building in terms of energy performance and sustainable building 67 4.2 Function and control tasks 67 4.3 Requirements for the implementation of automatic control 69 4.4 Communication protocols for the implementation of advanced control systems 71 4.5 State of the art in advanced control systems 76 4.6 Smart buildings and internet-based energy services 82 4.6.1 Services of interest to occupants 84 4.6.2 Services of interest to maintenance operators/property managers 85 4.6.3 Services of interest to energy management 86 4.7 Conclusion 86 4.8 References 87 4.9 Bibliography 89 5 IT Systems for energy and environment monitoring, planning and design 90 y. A. Clarke 5.1 The sustainable energy systems challenge 91 5.2 Digital cities 94 5.3 Rational planning 98 5.4 Virtual design 101 5.5 Energy services 106 5.6 Case study 110 5.7 Technology transfer 113 5.8 References 114 6 Natural ventilation in an urban context 116 C. Ghiaus, F. Allard, J. Axley 6.1 Introduction 116 6.2 Role of natural ventilation 117 6.2.1 Purposes 117 6.2.2 Performance criteria 117 6.3 Physics of natural ventilation 118 6.3.1 Eddy, turbulent and mean description of flow 118 6.3.2 Mean flow through openings 119 6.3.3 Wind pressure 120 6.3.4 Buoyancy pressure 121 6.3.5 Urban environment 122 6.4 Component sizing based on mean behaviour - pressure loop method 122 6.5 Natural ventilation strategies 126 6.5.1 Wind variation-induced single-sided ventilation 126 6.5.2 Wind-driven cross ventilation 127 6.5.3 Buoyancy-driven stack ventilation 129 6.5.4 Combined wind- and buoyancy-driven ventilation 130 6.5.5 Combinations of fundamental strategies 132 6.5.6 Solar-assisted ventilation 133 6.6 Natural ventilation strategies for urban environment 134 6.6.1 Balanced stack ventilation 134 6.6.2 Passive evaporative cooling 136 6.6.3 Double-skin facade 137 6.7 Conclusion 138 6. 8 References 138 7 Cooling by natural sinks 140 S. Alvarez, J. L. Molina 7.1 Introduction 140 7.2 Conventional cooling and cooling based on environmental sinks 141 7.3 Ground cooling 143 7.3.1 The cool medium 143 7.3.2 Effective environmental temperature 144 7.3.3 System description and performance 145 7.3.4 Innovative design options 146 7.4 Evaporative cooling 147 7.4.1 The cold medium 147 7.4.2 System description and performance 147 7.4.3 Innovative design options 149 7.5 Radiative cooling 153 7.5.1 The cold medium 153 7.5.2 Effective environmental temperature 154 7.5.3 System description and performance 154 7.6 Climatic qualification 156 7.7 Earth sheltering 157 7.8 Roof solutions 159 7.8.1 Roof pond 159 7.8.2 Planted roofs 159 7.8.3 Radiator roofs 160 7.9 Future priorities 161 7.9.1 Basic research on the coupling of NCT to different types of buildings 161 7.9.2 Incorporation in building design tools 161 7.9.3 Systematic study of potential applicability of NCT 161 7.9.4 Design guidelines (for NCT, different types of buildings, climates) 162 7.9.5 Introduction of standards for NCT calculation 162 7.9.6 Demonstration projects for dissemination 162 7.9.7 NCT in the European Directive for Energy Efficiency in Buildings 162 7.10 References 162 8 Thermal comfort 164 F. Nicol 8.1 Prologue 164 8.2 Background 164 8.2.1 The need for a new approach 164 8.2.2 Why is thermal comfort important in energy conservation? 165 8. 3 State of the art 165 8.3.1 The underlying processes 165 8.3.2 Developing an index of thermal comfort 167 8.3.3 Adaptive thermal comfort 171 8.4 Recent developments and future directions 178 8.4.1 New research in thermal comfort 178 8.4.2 Defining an adaptive standard for buildings 180 8.4.3 Developing a new dynamic approach to predicting thermal comfort in buildings 183 8.5 References 188 9 Passive cooling -492 S. Hassid 9.1 Introduction 192 9.2 Cooling versus heating problems 193 9.3 PASCOOL programme 193 9.4 Essential features of passive cooling 194 9.4.1 Prevention of heat gains 194 9.4.2 Modulation of heat by internal (mainly) thermal mass 194 9.4.3 Heat sinks 194 9.5 Future research needs in passive cooling 197 9.5.1 Microclimate around buildings 197 9.5.2 Ventilation and air quality aspects 197 9.5.3 New thermal comfort standards 198 9.5.4 Natural ventilation and air flow in urban environments 198 9.5.5 Research on natural cooling techniques 198 9.5.6 Advanced solar control modelling and development of new components 199 9.5.7 Integration actions 199 9.5.8 Seasonal storage 199 9.5.9 Non-conventional AC techniques 199 9.6 Conclusion 200 9.7 References 200 10 Solar and energy efficiency as an option for sustainable urban built environments 201 M. Santamouris 10.1 Introduction 201 10.2 Urbanization at the end of the 20th century 203 10.2.1 Increase of the urban population 203 10.2.2 The size of the world's cities 205 10.3 Urban environmental problems 206 10.3.1 Cities in the developed world 206 10.3.2 Cities in the less developed world 211 10.4 Urban sustainability - an oxymoron or a realistic perspective? 213 10.5 We do not have'solutions'but we have ideas 215 10.5.1 Improve the urban microclimate 216 10.5.2 Use of sustainable energy supply systems 219 10.5.3 Use of demand side management techniques 224 10.5.4 Use of passive and active solar systems in urban buildings 225 10.5.5 Appropriate legislation for buildings 227 10.5.6 Towards more compact cities 228 10.6 Conclusions 230 10.7 References 231 Index 236
1902916476
720.472 / SAN
Solar thermal technologies for buildings : the state of the art - London James & James (Science Publishers) Ltd. 2003 - xiii,240p. - Best Building, energy and solar technology series Ed. by Mat Santamouris .
CONTENTS Editorial note xi 1 Passive solar heating of buildings 1 K. Voss and V. Wittwer 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The theory of passive solar heating 2 1.3 Passive solar contributions today - the SolGain results 3 1.4 High-performance housing - solar gains in buildings with low heat loads 6 1.4.1 The methodology 6 1.4.2 Four examples 6 1.4.3 The shortened heating season 9 1.4.4 Lessons learned 9 1.5 Related materials and technologies 10 1.5.1 Advanced glazing 10 1.5.2 Solar gains on opaque building elements 14 1.5.3 Increased thermal capacity 15 1.6 Related energy supply 15 1.7 References 16 2 Active solar heating and cooling of buildings 17 A, M. Papadopoulos 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Classification of solar systems and current state of the art 19 2.3 Aims for the future: the technologies 24 2.3.1 Components 24 2.3.2 Systems' integration and applications 25 2.4 Aims for the future 30 2.4.1 The market 30 2.4.2 A call for sustainable energy policies 32 2.5 Conclusions 34 2.6 References 35 3 Spectrally selective materials for efficient visible, solar and thermal radiation control 37 M. G. Hutchins 3.1 Introduction 37 3.2 Solar thermal conversion 38 3.2.1 Solar absorber coatings 39 3.2.2 The transparent collector cover 42 3.3 Transparent selective coatings for windows 42 3.3.1 Spectrally selective low emittance for passive solar gain 44 3.3.2 Solar control glazing 44 3.3.3 Evacuated glazing 47 3.3.4 Nanoparticle-doped polymeric solar control glazing 48 3.4 Switchable glazing materials 48 3.4.1 Electrochromic glazing 49 3.4.2 Thermochromic and thermotropic glazing 51 3.4.3 Gasochromic glazing 52 3.5 Measurement of the optical properties 55 3.5.1 Angle-dependent visible and solar properties 55 3.5.2 Thermal optical properties measurements 56 3.5.3 An EU window energy data thematic network (WinDat) 59 3.6 Acknowledgements 61 3.8 References 62 4 Advanced control systems for energy and environmental performance of buildings 65 G. Guarracino, D. Kolokotsa, V. Geros 4.1 Impact of global control of building in terms of energy performance and sustainable building 67 4.2 Function and control tasks 67 4.3 Requirements for the implementation of automatic control 69 4.4 Communication protocols for the implementation of advanced control systems 71 4.5 State of the art in advanced control systems 76 4.6 Smart buildings and internet-based energy services 82 4.6.1 Services of interest to occupants 84 4.6.2 Services of interest to maintenance operators/property managers 85 4.6.3 Services of interest to energy management 86 4.7 Conclusion 86 4.8 References 87 4.9 Bibliography 89 5 IT Systems for energy and environment monitoring, planning and design 90 y. A. Clarke 5.1 The sustainable energy systems challenge 91 5.2 Digital cities 94 5.3 Rational planning 98 5.4 Virtual design 101 5.5 Energy services 106 5.6 Case study 110 5.7 Technology transfer 113 5.8 References 114 6 Natural ventilation in an urban context 116 C. Ghiaus, F. Allard, J. Axley 6.1 Introduction 116 6.2 Role of natural ventilation 117 6.2.1 Purposes 117 6.2.2 Performance criteria 117 6.3 Physics of natural ventilation 118 6.3.1 Eddy, turbulent and mean description of flow 118 6.3.2 Mean flow through openings 119 6.3.3 Wind pressure 120 6.3.4 Buoyancy pressure 121 6.3.5 Urban environment 122 6.4 Component sizing based on mean behaviour - pressure loop method 122 6.5 Natural ventilation strategies 126 6.5.1 Wind variation-induced single-sided ventilation 126 6.5.2 Wind-driven cross ventilation 127 6.5.3 Buoyancy-driven stack ventilation 129 6.5.4 Combined wind- and buoyancy-driven ventilation 130 6.5.5 Combinations of fundamental strategies 132 6.5.6 Solar-assisted ventilation 133 6.6 Natural ventilation strategies for urban environment 134 6.6.1 Balanced stack ventilation 134 6.6.2 Passive evaporative cooling 136 6.6.3 Double-skin facade 137 6.7 Conclusion 138 6. 8 References 138 7 Cooling by natural sinks 140 S. Alvarez, J. L. Molina 7.1 Introduction 140 7.2 Conventional cooling and cooling based on environmental sinks 141 7.3 Ground cooling 143 7.3.1 The cool medium 143 7.3.2 Effective environmental temperature 144 7.3.3 System description and performance 145 7.3.4 Innovative design options 146 7.4 Evaporative cooling 147 7.4.1 The cold medium 147 7.4.2 System description and performance 147 7.4.3 Innovative design options 149 7.5 Radiative cooling 153 7.5.1 The cold medium 153 7.5.2 Effective environmental temperature 154 7.5.3 System description and performance 154 7.6 Climatic qualification 156 7.7 Earth sheltering 157 7.8 Roof solutions 159 7.8.1 Roof pond 159 7.8.2 Planted roofs 159 7.8.3 Radiator roofs 160 7.9 Future priorities 161 7.9.1 Basic research on the coupling of NCT to different types of buildings 161 7.9.2 Incorporation in building design tools 161 7.9.3 Systematic study of potential applicability of NCT 161 7.9.4 Design guidelines (for NCT, different types of buildings, climates) 162 7.9.5 Introduction of standards for NCT calculation 162 7.9.6 Demonstration projects for dissemination 162 7.9.7 NCT in the European Directive for Energy Efficiency in Buildings 162 7.10 References 162 8 Thermal comfort 164 F. Nicol 8.1 Prologue 164 8.2 Background 164 8.2.1 The need for a new approach 164 8.2.2 Why is thermal comfort important in energy conservation? 165 8. 3 State of the art 165 8.3.1 The underlying processes 165 8.3.2 Developing an index of thermal comfort 167 8.3.3 Adaptive thermal comfort 171 8.4 Recent developments and future directions 178 8.4.1 New research in thermal comfort 178 8.4.2 Defining an adaptive standard for buildings 180 8.4.3 Developing a new dynamic approach to predicting thermal comfort in buildings 183 8.5 References 188 9 Passive cooling -492 S. Hassid 9.1 Introduction 192 9.2 Cooling versus heating problems 193 9.3 PASCOOL programme 193 9.4 Essential features of passive cooling 194 9.4.1 Prevention of heat gains 194 9.4.2 Modulation of heat by internal (mainly) thermal mass 194 9.4.3 Heat sinks 194 9.5 Future research needs in passive cooling 197 9.5.1 Microclimate around buildings 197 9.5.2 Ventilation and air quality aspects 197 9.5.3 New thermal comfort standards 198 9.5.4 Natural ventilation and air flow in urban environments 198 9.5.5 Research on natural cooling techniques 198 9.5.6 Advanced solar control modelling and development of new components 199 9.5.7 Integration actions 199 9.5.8 Seasonal storage 199 9.5.9 Non-conventional AC techniques 199 9.6 Conclusion 200 9.7 References 200 10 Solar and energy efficiency as an option for sustainable urban built environments 201 M. Santamouris 10.1 Introduction 201 10.2 Urbanization at the end of the 20th century 203 10.2.1 Increase of the urban population 203 10.2.2 The size of the world's cities 205 10.3 Urban environmental problems 206 10.3.1 Cities in the developed world 206 10.3.2 Cities in the less developed world 211 10.4 Urban sustainability - an oxymoron or a realistic perspective? 213 10.5 We do not have'solutions'but we have ideas 215 10.5.1 Improve the urban microclimate 216 10.5.2 Use of sustainable energy supply systems 219 10.5.3 Use of demand side management techniques 224 10.5.4 Use of passive and active solar systems in urban buildings 225 10.5.5 Appropriate legislation for buildings 227 10.5.6 Towards more compact cities 228 10.6 Conclusions 230 10.7 References 231 Index 236
1902916476
720.472 / SAN