Quality management of cement concrete construction
Gahlot, P. S.
Quality management of cement concrete construction - New Delhi CBS Publishers & Distributors 2009 - xiv,286p.
Contents foreword by M.M. Malhotra V Foreword by Braham Dutt vi Preface vii Unit I Chapter 1 Introduction to Cement Concrete and Quality Management 3 LearningObjectives 3 1.1Definition 3 1.2History 4 1.3Importance 4 1 .4Failure of Concrete 4 1.5Quality Management 8 1.6Summary 9 Practice Questions 10 Chapter 2 Basic Properties of Cement Concrete 11 Learning Objectives 11 2.1 Introduction 12 2.2 Properties in Fresh State 12 2.2.1 Good Workability 12 2.2.2 Freedom fromSegregation 13 2.2.3 Freedom from Bleeding and Harshness 14 2.3 Measurement of Workability 15 2.3.1 Slump Test16 2.3.2 Compacting Factor Test 18 2.3.3Vee-BeeTest 20 2.3.4Flow Test 23 2.4Properties in Hardened State 25 2.4.1 Strength of Concret25 2.4.2 Durability 27 2.4.3 Impermeability 31 2.4.4 Dimensional Changes 32 2.4.5 Unit Weight 40 2.5 Summary 41 Practice Questions 42 Chapter 3 Influence of Basic Ingredients on Quality of Concrete 43 Learning Objectives 43 3.1 Introduction 44 3.2 Cement 44 3.2.1Fineness 45 3.2.2 Setting and Hardening 47 3.2.3Strength 48 3.2.4Soundness 49 3.2.5I leal of hydration 50 3.2.6Influence of cement on concrete properties 5 3.3Aggregate 52 3.3.1Classification of aggregate 55 3.3.2Aggregate Characteristics 55 3.3.3Size of Aggregate 56 3.3.4Particle Shape of Aggregate 57 3.3.5Surface Texture 59 3.3.6Strength 59 3.3.7Water Absorption and Surface Moisture 61 3.3.8Bulking of Sand 62 3.3.9Unit Mass (Weight)/Bulk Density 64 3.3.10 Specific Gravity 65 3.3.11 Thermal Properties 65 3.3.12 Deleterious Substances 66 3.3.13 Soundness 66 3.3.14 Alkali-Aggregate Reaction and Durability 67 3.3.15 Grading of Aggregate 67 3.3.16 Effect of Aggregate on Concrete 73 3.4Water 73 3.5Summary 75 Practice Questions 76 Chapter 4 Influence of Special Admixtures on Quality of Concrete 78 Learning Objectives 78 4.1Introduction 79 4.2Advantages of Admixtures 80 4.3Admixture Types 80 4.3.1Types of Chemical Admixtures 81 4.3.2Types of Mineral Admixtures 81 4.4Purpose of Admixtures 81 4.4.1Chemical Admixtures 81 4.4.2Mineral Admixtures 82 4.5Chemical Admixtures 82 4.5.1Plasticizers (Water Reducers) 82 4.5.2 Super Plasticizers (High Range Water Reducers) 83 4.5.3Accelerators 84 4.5.4Retarders (Retarding Admixtures) 85 4.5.5Air Entraining Agents 86 4.6Mineral Admixtures 87 4.6.1Cementitious 87 4.6.2Inert Mineral Powders 87 4.6.3Pozzolanic Admixtures 88 4.7Special Admixtures 89 4.7.1Gas or Foam Forming Agents 89 4.7.2Expansion Producing Agents 90 4.7.3Bonding Agents (Polymers) 90 4.7.4Grouting Agents (Pumping Aid) 90 4.7.5Pigments and Colouring Agents 91 4.7.6 Damp Proofing Agents (Permeability Reducers) 91 4.7.7 Shotcrete Accelerators 92 4.7.8 Curing Compounds 92 4.8Selection Criteria 93 4.9Summary 93 Practice Questions 94 Unit II Chapter 5 Influence of Concreting Operation 97 Learning Objectives 97 5.1Introduction 98 5.2Formwork Erection 98 5.2.1Design Considerations in Form 99 5.2.2Formwork Materials 99 5.2.3Precautions in Formwork Erection 100 5.3Storage of Ingredients 100 5.3.1Storage of Cement 100 5.3.2Storage of Aggregate 101 5.3.3Storageof Water 102 5.3.4 Storage of Admixtures 102 5.4Batching of Ingredients 102 5.4.1Batching of Cement 103 5.4.2Batching of Aggregate 103 5.4.3BatchingofWater 104 5.4.4 General Precautions in Batchir 104 5.5Mixing of Ingredients105 5.5.1Importance 105 5.5.2Manual Mixing 105 5.5.3Machine Mixing 106 5.6Transportation of Concrete 107 5.6.1Importance107 5.6.2Methods of Transportation107 5.6.3Precautions 108 5.7Depositing 109 5.8Compacting 109 5.8.1Importance 109 5.8.2Methods of compaction 110 5.8.3Precautions in Compaction 110 5.9Joint Making 111 5.9.1Importance111 5.9.2Types of joints 111 5.10 Curing of Cement Concrete 112 5.10.1 Importance 112 5.10.2 Objectives of Curing 113 5.10.3 MethodsofCuring 113 5.11 Formwork Removal and Patchwork 114 5.12 Summary 115 Practice Questions 116 Unit III Chapter 6 Basic Principles of Concrete Mix Design 121 Learning Objectives 121 6.1 Introduction 122 6.2Water-cement Ratio Law 122 6.3Workability 127 6.3.1Phenomenon of Workability 127 6.4Summary 130 Practice Questions 131 Chapter 7 Management, Statistical Quality Control Procedures and Acceptance Criteria 132 Learning Objectives 132 7.1 Inspection and Quality Check 133 7.1.1Need and Scope of Inspection 133 7.1.2Choice of an Inspector 133 7.1.3 Authority of the Inspector 134 7.1.4Qua lily .Check, Personnel and Equipment 134 7.2Measures of Variabilities in Concrete Mix Design 136 7.2.1Factors Contributing to Variability o 136 7.2.2Standard Deviation 137 7.2.3Coefficient of Variation 139 7.3Statistical Concepts of Mix Design 139 7.4Characteristic, Target Mean Strength and Acceptance Criterion 140 7.4.1Characteristic Strength 140 7.4.2 Target Mean Strength 140 7.4.3Acceptance Criteria 140 7.4.4Example 141 7.5Summary 142 Practice Questions 143 Unit IV Chapter 8 Cement Concrete Mix Design Procedures 147 Learning Objectives 147 8.1Introduction 148 8.2Procedure for Proportioning of Nominal (Ordinary) Concrete Mix 149 8.3 Procedure for Proportioning of Design Mix Concrete 151 8.3-1 Introduction 151 8.3.2Indian Standard Guidelines for Mix Design (IS: 10262-1982) 153 8.3.3Example 8.1: Concrete Mix Design (Grade M25) 159 8.4The ACI Mix Design Method (Absolute Volume Method) 162 8.4.1Approach 162 8.4.2Example 8.2164 8.5The USBR Mix Design Method166 8.6The British Mix Design Method168 8.6.1Procedure168 8.6.2Example: 8.3 170 8.7Other Methods 172 8.7.1Fineness Modulus Method 172 8.7.2Murdock's Surface Area Coefficient Method 172 8.7.3Trial and Error Melhod172 8.8Summary 174 Practice Questions175 Chapter 9 Concrete Mix Quality Assurance Trials 177 Learning Objectives177 9.1Trial Mixes 178 9.2 Interpretation of TesI Results of Trial Mixes 179 9.3 Direct Field Adjustment (CRRI Chart) 179 9.3.1Introduction to Chart 179 9.3.2Method of Using the Chart 180 9.4 Field (Site) Proportions 180 9.5 Conversion of Mix Proportions 182 9.6 Summary 183 Practice Questions 183 Chapter 10 Quality of Cement Concrete Under Special Conditions of Placement 184 Learning Objectives 184 10.1 Effect of Temperature on Concrete 185 10.1.1 High Temperatures 185 10-1.2 Low Temperatures 187 10.2 Recommended Practices for Hot-Weather Concreting 188 10.3 Recommended Practices forCold-WeatherConcreting190 10.4 Under-waterConcreting 192 10.4.1 Basic principles 192 10-4.2 Placing Methods 193 10.5 Special Concrete 194 10.5.1 Polymer Concrete 194 10.5.2 Fibre-Reinforced Concrete (FRC) 196 10.6 Modem Trends in Cement Concrete 197 10.6.1 Introduction 197 10.6.2 High Performance Concrete (HPC) 197 10.6.3 High Workability in Fresh Concrete 198 10.6.4 Self Compacting Concrete (SCC) 198 10.6.5 Terms in Reference to SCC 199 10.6-6 Constituent Materials 199 10.6.7 Requirements for SCC 200 10.6.8 Mix Composition 202 10.6.9 Production and Placement 203 10.6.10 Workability Tests of SCC 204 10.7 Summary 208 Practice Questions 208 Chapter 11 Repair, Maintenance and Rehabilitation of Concrete Elements 210 Learning Objectives 210 ' 11.1 Introduction 211 11.2 Diagnosis of Defects/Problems 211 11.2.1 Symptoms and Causes of Problem 211 11.2.2 Method of Diagnosis 215 11.3 Concrete Repair Materials 217 11.4 Preparation for Repair 221 11.5 Repair Methods and Systems 221 11.6 Repair of Cracks and Surface Defects . 223 11.6.1 Introduction 223 11.6.2 Crack Repair Methods 224 11.6.3 Treatment of Surface Defects 228 11.6.4 Specific Cases of Crack Repair 228 11.7 ProtectiveCoatings 230 11.8 Summary 231 Practice Questions .233 Chapter 12 Testing of Materials for Quality Control 234 Learning Objectives 234 12.1 TestsonCemenl 235 12.2 Tests on Aggregates 252 12.3 Tests for Water 260 12.4 Tests for Fresh Concrete 261 12.5 Tests for Hardened Concrete 267 12.6 Information on Non-destructive Methods of Testing 271 12.6.1 Schmidt Rebound Hammer Test 271 12.6.2 Ultrasonic Pulse Technique 274 12.6.3 CoreTesting 276 12.7 Summary 277 Practice Questions 277 Glossary of Related Terms 279 References 283 index 285
8123916841
692.06 / GAH
Quality management of cement concrete construction - New Delhi CBS Publishers & Distributors 2009 - xiv,286p.
Contents foreword by M.M. Malhotra V Foreword by Braham Dutt vi Preface vii Unit I Chapter 1 Introduction to Cement Concrete and Quality Management 3 LearningObjectives 3 1.1Definition 3 1.2History 4 1.3Importance 4 1 .4Failure of Concrete 4 1.5Quality Management 8 1.6Summary 9 Practice Questions 10 Chapter 2 Basic Properties of Cement Concrete 11 Learning Objectives 11 2.1 Introduction 12 2.2 Properties in Fresh State 12 2.2.1 Good Workability 12 2.2.2 Freedom fromSegregation 13 2.2.3 Freedom from Bleeding and Harshness 14 2.3 Measurement of Workability 15 2.3.1 Slump Test16 2.3.2 Compacting Factor Test 18 2.3.3Vee-BeeTest 20 2.3.4Flow Test 23 2.4Properties in Hardened State 25 2.4.1 Strength of Concret25 2.4.2 Durability 27 2.4.3 Impermeability 31 2.4.4 Dimensional Changes 32 2.4.5 Unit Weight 40 2.5 Summary 41 Practice Questions 42 Chapter 3 Influence of Basic Ingredients on Quality of Concrete 43 Learning Objectives 43 3.1 Introduction 44 3.2 Cement 44 3.2.1Fineness 45 3.2.2 Setting and Hardening 47 3.2.3Strength 48 3.2.4Soundness 49 3.2.5I leal of hydration 50 3.2.6Influence of cement on concrete properties 5 3.3Aggregate 52 3.3.1Classification of aggregate 55 3.3.2Aggregate Characteristics 55 3.3.3Size of Aggregate 56 3.3.4Particle Shape of Aggregate 57 3.3.5Surface Texture 59 3.3.6Strength 59 3.3.7Water Absorption and Surface Moisture 61 3.3.8Bulking of Sand 62 3.3.9Unit Mass (Weight)/Bulk Density 64 3.3.10 Specific Gravity 65 3.3.11 Thermal Properties 65 3.3.12 Deleterious Substances 66 3.3.13 Soundness 66 3.3.14 Alkali-Aggregate Reaction and Durability 67 3.3.15 Grading of Aggregate 67 3.3.16 Effect of Aggregate on Concrete 73 3.4Water 73 3.5Summary 75 Practice Questions 76 Chapter 4 Influence of Special Admixtures on Quality of Concrete 78 Learning Objectives 78 4.1Introduction 79 4.2Advantages of Admixtures 80 4.3Admixture Types 80 4.3.1Types of Chemical Admixtures 81 4.3.2Types of Mineral Admixtures 81 4.4Purpose of Admixtures 81 4.4.1Chemical Admixtures 81 4.4.2Mineral Admixtures 82 4.5Chemical Admixtures 82 4.5.1Plasticizers (Water Reducers) 82 4.5.2 Super Plasticizers (High Range Water Reducers) 83 4.5.3Accelerators 84 4.5.4Retarders (Retarding Admixtures) 85 4.5.5Air Entraining Agents 86 4.6Mineral Admixtures 87 4.6.1Cementitious 87 4.6.2Inert Mineral Powders 87 4.6.3Pozzolanic Admixtures 88 4.7Special Admixtures 89 4.7.1Gas or Foam Forming Agents 89 4.7.2Expansion Producing Agents 90 4.7.3Bonding Agents (Polymers) 90 4.7.4Grouting Agents (Pumping Aid) 90 4.7.5Pigments and Colouring Agents 91 4.7.6 Damp Proofing Agents (Permeability Reducers) 91 4.7.7 Shotcrete Accelerators 92 4.7.8 Curing Compounds 92 4.8Selection Criteria 93 4.9Summary 93 Practice Questions 94 Unit II Chapter 5 Influence of Concreting Operation 97 Learning Objectives 97 5.1Introduction 98 5.2Formwork Erection 98 5.2.1Design Considerations in Form 99 5.2.2Formwork Materials 99 5.2.3Precautions in Formwork Erection 100 5.3Storage of Ingredients 100 5.3.1Storage of Cement 100 5.3.2Storage of Aggregate 101 5.3.3Storageof Water 102 5.3.4 Storage of Admixtures 102 5.4Batching of Ingredients 102 5.4.1Batching of Cement 103 5.4.2Batching of Aggregate 103 5.4.3BatchingofWater 104 5.4.4 General Precautions in Batchir 104 5.5Mixing of Ingredients105 5.5.1Importance 105 5.5.2Manual Mixing 105 5.5.3Machine Mixing 106 5.6Transportation of Concrete 107 5.6.1Importance107 5.6.2Methods of Transportation107 5.6.3Precautions 108 5.7Depositing 109 5.8Compacting 109 5.8.1Importance 109 5.8.2Methods of compaction 110 5.8.3Precautions in Compaction 110 5.9Joint Making 111 5.9.1Importance111 5.9.2Types of joints 111 5.10 Curing of Cement Concrete 112 5.10.1 Importance 112 5.10.2 Objectives of Curing 113 5.10.3 MethodsofCuring 113 5.11 Formwork Removal and Patchwork 114 5.12 Summary 115 Practice Questions 116 Unit III Chapter 6 Basic Principles of Concrete Mix Design 121 Learning Objectives 121 6.1 Introduction 122 6.2Water-cement Ratio Law 122 6.3Workability 127 6.3.1Phenomenon of Workability 127 6.4Summary 130 Practice Questions 131 Chapter 7 Management, Statistical Quality Control Procedures and Acceptance Criteria 132 Learning Objectives 132 7.1 Inspection and Quality Check 133 7.1.1Need and Scope of Inspection 133 7.1.2Choice of an Inspector 133 7.1.3 Authority of the Inspector 134 7.1.4Qua lily .Check, Personnel and Equipment 134 7.2Measures of Variabilities in Concrete Mix Design 136 7.2.1Factors Contributing to Variability o 136 7.2.2Standard Deviation 137 7.2.3Coefficient of Variation 139 7.3Statistical Concepts of Mix Design 139 7.4Characteristic, Target Mean Strength and Acceptance Criterion 140 7.4.1Characteristic Strength 140 7.4.2 Target Mean Strength 140 7.4.3Acceptance Criteria 140 7.4.4Example 141 7.5Summary 142 Practice Questions 143 Unit IV Chapter 8 Cement Concrete Mix Design Procedures 147 Learning Objectives 147 8.1Introduction 148 8.2Procedure for Proportioning of Nominal (Ordinary) Concrete Mix 149 8.3 Procedure for Proportioning of Design Mix Concrete 151 8.3-1 Introduction 151 8.3.2Indian Standard Guidelines for Mix Design (IS: 10262-1982) 153 8.3.3Example 8.1: Concrete Mix Design (Grade M25) 159 8.4The ACI Mix Design Method (Absolute Volume Method) 162 8.4.1Approach 162 8.4.2Example 8.2164 8.5The USBR Mix Design Method166 8.6The British Mix Design Method168 8.6.1Procedure168 8.6.2Example: 8.3 170 8.7Other Methods 172 8.7.1Fineness Modulus Method 172 8.7.2Murdock's Surface Area Coefficient Method 172 8.7.3Trial and Error Melhod172 8.8Summary 174 Practice Questions175 Chapter 9 Concrete Mix Quality Assurance Trials 177 Learning Objectives177 9.1Trial Mixes 178 9.2 Interpretation of TesI Results of Trial Mixes 179 9.3 Direct Field Adjustment (CRRI Chart) 179 9.3.1Introduction to Chart 179 9.3.2Method of Using the Chart 180 9.4 Field (Site) Proportions 180 9.5 Conversion of Mix Proportions 182 9.6 Summary 183 Practice Questions 183 Chapter 10 Quality of Cement Concrete Under Special Conditions of Placement 184 Learning Objectives 184 10.1 Effect of Temperature on Concrete 185 10.1.1 High Temperatures 185 10-1.2 Low Temperatures 187 10.2 Recommended Practices for Hot-Weather Concreting 188 10.3 Recommended Practices forCold-WeatherConcreting190 10.4 Under-waterConcreting 192 10.4.1 Basic principles 192 10-4.2 Placing Methods 193 10.5 Special Concrete 194 10.5.1 Polymer Concrete 194 10.5.2 Fibre-Reinforced Concrete (FRC) 196 10.6 Modem Trends in Cement Concrete 197 10.6.1 Introduction 197 10.6.2 High Performance Concrete (HPC) 197 10.6.3 High Workability in Fresh Concrete 198 10.6.4 Self Compacting Concrete (SCC) 198 10.6.5 Terms in Reference to SCC 199 10.6-6 Constituent Materials 199 10.6.7 Requirements for SCC 200 10.6.8 Mix Composition 202 10.6.9 Production and Placement 203 10.6.10 Workability Tests of SCC 204 10.7 Summary 208 Practice Questions 208 Chapter 11 Repair, Maintenance and Rehabilitation of Concrete Elements 210 Learning Objectives 210 ' 11.1 Introduction 211 11.2 Diagnosis of Defects/Problems 211 11.2.1 Symptoms and Causes of Problem 211 11.2.2 Method of Diagnosis 215 11.3 Concrete Repair Materials 217 11.4 Preparation for Repair 221 11.5 Repair Methods and Systems 221 11.6 Repair of Cracks and Surface Defects . 223 11.6.1 Introduction 223 11.6.2 Crack Repair Methods 224 11.6.3 Treatment of Surface Defects 228 11.6.4 Specific Cases of Crack Repair 228 11.7 ProtectiveCoatings 230 11.8 Summary 231 Practice Questions .233 Chapter 12 Testing of Materials for Quality Control 234 Learning Objectives 234 12.1 TestsonCemenl 235 12.2 Tests on Aggregates 252 12.3 Tests for Water 260 12.4 Tests for Fresh Concrete 261 12.5 Tests for Hardened Concrete 267 12.6 Information on Non-destructive Methods of Testing 271 12.6.1 Schmidt Rebound Hammer Test 271 12.6.2 Ultrasonic Pulse Technique 274 12.6.3 CoreTesting 276 12.7 Summary 277 Practice Questions 277 Glossary of Related Terms 279 References 283 index 285
8123916841
692.06 / GAH