Module 5a air quality management - sustainable transport : a sourcebook for policy-makers in developing cities
Schwela, Dietrich
Module 5a air quality management - sustainable transport : a sourcebook for policy-makers in developing cities - Eschborn Deutsche Gesellschaft Fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) Gmbh 2002 - ii,51p.
CONTENTS 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Objectives of the module 1 1.2Overview 1 2. Basic facts 2 2.1Importance of air pollution management 2 2.2Major types of air pollutants 4 2.3Classification of health effects of air pollutants on various compartments of the human body 5 2.4An emerging issue: noise 7 3. Air quality management 8 3.1 Introduction 8 3.2 Towards a strategy for air quality management 9 3.3Emission inventories 11 3.3.1 Introduction 11 3.3.2 Steps in constructing an emissions inventory 12 3.4Ambient air quality monitoring and assessment 13 3.4.1 Assessment tools and functions 13 3.4.2 Monitoring objectives 14 3.4.3 Quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) 15 3.4.4 Network design 15 3.4.5 Site numbers and selection 15 3.4.6 Sampling strategies and systems 16 3.4.7 Instrument issues 16 3.4.9 Key pollutants and measurement methods 18 3.5Air quality modelling 19 3.6Benchmarking of the capabilities of cities in air quality management 19 4. Emissions control approaches for developing cities 22 4.1Command and control 22 4.2Evaluation of control options 23 4.3Control of point sources 24 4.4Control of mobile sources 25 4.4.1 Situation analysis 25 4.4.2 Control 26 4.5Control of area sources 29 5. Education and communication 30 6. Priority setting in AQM 30 6.1 Introduction 30 6.2 Legal aspects 30 6.3 Adverse effects on health 32 6.4 Population at risk 33 6.5 Exposure-response relationships 33 6.6 Exposure characterisation 34 6.7 Risk assessment 34 6.8 Acceptability of risk 34 6.9 Cost-benefit analysis 35 6.10 Review of standard setting 38 6.11 Enforcement of air quality standards: clean air implementation plans 38 7. International programs air selected national initiatives 39 7.1 United Nations Centre for Human Settlements/United Nations Environment Program 39 7.2 World Meteorological Organisation 39 7.3 United Nations Environment Program/World Health Organization: Global Environmental Monitoring System Air (GEMS/AIR) 39 7.4 World Health Organization: Air Management Information System 40 7.5 World Bank: Urban Air Quality Management Strategy (URBAIR) 40 7.6 World Bank: Clean Air Initiative 41 7.7 UNEP/WHO/SEI/KEI: Air Pollution in the Megacities of Asia 41 8. Conclusions 43 References 45 Selected abbreviations used in this module 49
388.068 / SCH
Module 5a air quality management - sustainable transport : a sourcebook for policy-makers in developing cities - Eschborn Deutsche Gesellschaft Fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) Gmbh 2002 - ii,51p.
CONTENTS 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Objectives of the module 1 1.2Overview 1 2. Basic facts 2 2.1Importance of air pollution management 2 2.2Major types of air pollutants 4 2.3Classification of health effects of air pollutants on various compartments of the human body 5 2.4An emerging issue: noise 7 3. Air quality management 8 3.1 Introduction 8 3.2 Towards a strategy for air quality management 9 3.3Emission inventories 11 3.3.1 Introduction 11 3.3.2 Steps in constructing an emissions inventory 12 3.4Ambient air quality monitoring and assessment 13 3.4.1 Assessment tools and functions 13 3.4.2 Monitoring objectives 14 3.4.3 Quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) 15 3.4.4 Network design 15 3.4.5 Site numbers and selection 15 3.4.6 Sampling strategies and systems 16 3.4.7 Instrument issues 16 3.4.9 Key pollutants and measurement methods 18 3.5Air quality modelling 19 3.6Benchmarking of the capabilities of cities in air quality management 19 4. Emissions control approaches for developing cities 22 4.1Command and control 22 4.2Evaluation of control options 23 4.3Control of point sources 24 4.4Control of mobile sources 25 4.4.1 Situation analysis 25 4.4.2 Control 26 4.5Control of area sources 29 5. Education and communication 30 6. Priority setting in AQM 30 6.1 Introduction 30 6.2 Legal aspects 30 6.3 Adverse effects on health 32 6.4 Population at risk 33 6.5 Exposure-response relationships 33 6.6 Exposure characterisation 34 6.7 Risk assessment 34 6.8 Acceptability of risk 34 6.9 Cost-benefit analysis 35 6.10 Review of standard setting 38 6.11 Enforcement of air quality standards: clean air implementation plans 38 7. International programs air selected national initiatives 39 7.1 United Nations Centre for Human Settlements/United Nations Environment Program 39 7.2 World Meteorological Organisation 39 7.3 United Nations Environment Program/World Health Organization: Global Environmental Monitoring System Air (GEMS/AIR) 39 7.4 World Health Organization: Air Management Information System 40 7.5 World Bank: Urban Air Quality Management Strategy (URBAIR) 40 7.6 World Bank: Clean Air Initiative 41 7.7 UNEP/WHO/SEI/KEI: Air Pollution in the Megacities of Asia 41 8. Conclusions 43 References 45 Selected abbreviations used in this module 49
388.068 / SCH