Manual of environmental analysis
Aery, N. C.
Manual of environmental analysis - Ane Books Pvt. Ltd. ; New Delhi 2010 - x,413p.
CONTENTS Preface v 1. Physical and Chemical Examinations of Water and Waste Water1-50 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Water Sampling 1 1.3 Physical Examination 4 1.4 Chemical Examination 13 2. Biological Examination of Waste Water 51-74 2.1 Introduction 51 2.2 Bacteria 51 2.3 Algae 51 2.4 Aquatic Macrophytes or Macrophytons 59 2.5 Benthic Macroinvertebrates 61 2.6 Analytical Methods (Use of Indices) 62 2.7 Rapid Bioassessment Protocols (RBP) 72 2.8 H2STest . 73 3. Microbiological Examination of Water 75-98 3.1Introduction 75 3.2 Indicator Organisms 75 3.3 Sampling 76 3.4 Preservation and Storage 77 3.5 Testing Water Samples 77 3.6 Testing Swimming Pool Water 92 3.7 Bacteriological Standard of Water Quality 92 3.8 Tables of Most Probable Numbers 92 4 Physico-Chemical Examination of Soil 99-144 4.1Introduction 99 4.2 Physical Examination 99 4.3 Chemical Examination 120 5 Microbiological Examination of Soil 145-172 5.1 Introduction 145 5.2 Preparation of Culture Media 145 5.3 Measurement of Growth 146 5.4 Enumeration-isolation of Soil Microorganisms 147 5.5 Soil Enzymes 164 5.6 Soil Respiration 168 5.7 Soil Microbial Biomass C and N 169 5.8 Soil Fauna 170 6 Environmental Radioactivity Monitoring 173-182 6.1 Introduction 173 6.2 Nature of Emissions 173 6.3 The Standard of Radioactivity 174 6.4 Geiger-muller Counter 174 6.5 Determination of Background Radioactivity 177 6.6 Gross Alpha and Gross Beta Radioactivity in the Aquatic Environment 177 6.7 Radioactivity in Suspended Paniculate Matter (SPM) 179 6.8 Estimation of Uranium and Polonium in Plant and Soil Samples 180 6.9 Estimation of Gross Alpha and Beta Activity in Pfant Sampfes 181 6.10 Laser-uranium Analyser 181 7 Bioassay 183-196 7.1Introduction 183 7.2 Classification of Bioassays 183 7.3 Terminology 185 7.4 Stages of Bioassay Tests 185 7.5 Test Organisms 186 7.6 Data Analysis in Bioassay Studies 193 7.7 Toxicity Curves 194 7.8 Plant Bioassay 195 8 Analysis of Plant Material 197-204 8.1 Introduction 197 8.2 Sample Collection 197 8.3 Sample Handling and Preparation 197 8.4 Size of the Sample 197 8.5 Elemental Analyses of Plant Samples 198 8.6 Elemental Analysis 200 8.7 Analysis of Bryophytes 202 8.8 Analysis of Lichens 203 9. Analysis of Air 203-226 9.1 Introduction 205 9.2 Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM)/Total Suspended Particulates (TSP) 205 9.3 Dust Fall Sampling 210 9.4 Soluble and Insoluble Solids 211 9.5 Chemical Analysis of Particulate Matter for Metals 212 9.6 Gaseous Pollutants 213 9.7 Microbiological Examination of Air 222 9.8 Indoor Air Sampling 223 10. Measurement of Noise 227-234 10.1 Introduction 227 10.2 Sound Pressure 227 10.3 Measurement of Noise 229 11. Effect of Pollutants on Plants 235-256 11.1 Introduction 235 11.2 Experimental Plan 236 11.3 Growth, Physiological and Biochemical Parameters236 11.4 Enzymes 244 11.5 Effect of UV-B Radiations 253 11.6 Membrane Permeability 253 11.7 Measurement of Metal Tolerance 254 11.8 Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) 255 12. Biomonitoring 257-268 12.1 Introduction 257 12.2 Selection Criteria for Biomonitors 257 12.3 Plants as Biomonitors 258 12.4 Animals as Biomonitors 262 12.5 Biochemical Methods in Bioindication 265 12.6 Cytogenetic Parameters for Monitoring 266 12.7 Microbes as Monitors 266 12.8 Biomonitoring of Aquatic Ecosystems 267 13 Vegetation Anlysis 269-306 13.1Introduction 269 13.2 Vegetation Sampling 269 13.3 The Quadrat 270 13.4 Point Frame Method 273 13.5 Point Centre Quarter Method 273 13.6 Transects 273 13.7 Determination of Quantitative Characteristics of a Plant Community 274 13.8 Synthetic Characters of the Community 292 13.9 Mathematical Treatment of Vegetation Data 293 13.10 Estimation of Animal Population Size 303 13.11Raunkiaer's Life Forms 304 14 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) 307-324 14.1 Introduction 307 14.2 Stages of Environmental Impact Assessment 308 14.3 Impact Methodologies 309 14.4 Prediction and Assessment of Impacts (PAT) 314 14.5 Traffic Impact Analysis 324 15 Environmental Auding 325-338 15.1 Introduction 325 15.2 Methodology of Environmental Audit 326 15.3 Benefits 328 16 Statistics in Environmental Sciences 339-358 16.1Introduction 16.2 Presentation of Data 339 16.3 Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion 341 16.4 Measure of Dispersion or Measure of Spread 345 16.5 Variance 348 16.6 Correlation 349 16.7 Regression Analysis 352 16.8 Tests of Significance 352 16.9 Analysis of Variance 353 16.10 Experimental Designs 356 Bibliography 359-372 Annexures I to XIV 373-404 Index 405
9380156219
333.7 / AER
Manual of environmental analysis - Ane Books Pvt. Ltd. ; New Delhi 2010 - x,413p.
CONTENTS Preface v 1. Physical and Chemical Examinations of Water and Waste Water1-50 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Water Sampling 1 1.3 Physical Examination 4 1.4 Chemical Examination 13 2. Biological Examination of Waste Water 51-74 2.1 Introduction 51 2.2 Bacteria 51 2.3 Algae 51 2.4 Aquatic Macrophytes or Macrophytons 59 2.5 Benthic Macroinvertebrates 61 2.6 Analytical Methods (Use of Indices) 62 2.7 Rapid Bioassessment Protocols (RBP) 72 2.8 H2STest . 73 3. Microbiological Examination of Water 75-98 3.1Introduction 75 3.2 Indicator Organisms 75 3.3 Sampling 76 3.4 Preservation and Storage 77 3.5 Testing Water Samples 77 3.6 Testing Swimming Pool Water 92 3.7 Bacteriological Standard of Water Quality 92 3.8 Tables of Most Probable Numbers 92 4 Physico-Chemical Examination of Soil 99-144 4.1Introduction 99 4.2 Physical Examination 99 4.3 Chemical Examination 120 5 Microbiological Examination of Soil 145-172 5.1 Introduction 145 5.2 Preparation of Culture Media 145 5.3 Measurement of Growth 146 5.4 Enumeration-isolation of Soil Microorganisms 147 5.5 Soil Enzymes 164 5.6 Soil Respiration 168 5.7 Soil Microbial Biomass C and N 169 5.8 Soil Fauna 170 6 Environmental Radioactivity Monitoring 173-182 6.1 Introduction 173 6.2 Nature of Emissions 173 6.3 The Standard of Radioactivity 174 6.4 Geiger-muller Counter 174 6.5 Determination of Background Radioactivity 177 6.6 Gross Alpha and Gross Beta Radioactivity in the Aquatic Environment 177 6.7 Radioactivity in Suspended Paniculate Matter (SPM) 179 6.8 Estimation of Uranium and Polonium in Plant and Soil Samples 180 6.9 Estimation of Gross Alpha and Beta Activity in Pfant Sampfes 181 6.10 Laser-uranium Analyser 181 7 Bioassay 183-196 7.1Introduction 183 7.2 Classification of Bioassays 183 7.3 Terminology 185 7.4 Stages of Bioassay Tests 185 7.5 Test Organisms 186 7.6 Data Analysis in Bioassay Studies 193 7.7 Toxicity Curves 194 7.8 Plant Bioassay 195 8 Analysis of Plant Material 197-204 8.1 Introduction 197 8.2 Sample Collection 197 8.3 Sample Handling and Preparation 197 8.4 Size of the Sample 197 8.5 Elemental Analyses of Plant Samples 198 8.6 Elemental Analysis 200 8.7 Analysis of Bryophytes 202 8.8 Analysis of Lichens 203 9. Analysis of Air 203-226 9.1 Introduction 205 9.2 Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM)/Total Suspended Particulates (TSP) 205 9.3 Dust Fall Sampling 210 9.4 Soluble and Insoluble Solids 211 9.5 Chemical Analysis of Particulate Matter for Metals 212 9.6 Gaseous Pollutants 213 9.7 Microbiological Examination of Air 222 9.8 Indoor Air Sampling 223 10. Measurement of Noise 227-234 10.1 Introduction 227 10.2 Sound Pressure 227 10.3 Measurement of Noise 229 11. Effect of Pollutants on Plants 235-256 11.1 Introduction 235 11.2 Experimental Plan 236 11.3 Growth, Physiological and Biochemical Parameters236 11.4 Enzymes 244 11.5 Effect of UV-B Radiations 253 11.6 Membrane Permeability 253 11.7 Measurement of Metal Tolerance 254 11.8 Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) 255 12. Biomonitoring 257-268 12.1 Introduction 257 12.2 Selection Criteria for Biomonitors 257 12.3 Plants as Biomonitors 258 12.4 Animals as Biomonitors 262 12.5 Biochemical Methods in Bioindication 265 12.6 Cytogenetic Parameters for Monitoring 266 12.7 Microbes as Monitors 266 12.8 Biomonitoring of Aquatic Ecosystems 267 13 Vegetation Anlysis 269-306 13.1Introduction 269 13.2 Vegetation Sampling 269 13.3 The Quadrat 270 13.4 Point Frame Method 273 13.5 Point Centre Quarter Method 273 13.6 Transects 273 13.7 Determination of Quantitative Characteristics of a Plant Community 274 13.8 Synthetic Characters of the Community 292 13.9 Mathematical Treatment of Vegetation Data 293 13.10 Estimation of Animal Population Size 303 13.11Raunkiaer's Life Forms 304 14 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) 307-324 14.1 Introduction 307 14.2 Stages of Environmental Impact Assessment 308 14.3 Impact Methodologies 309 14.4 Prediction and Assessment of Impacts (PAT) 314 14.5 Traffic Impact Analysis 324 15 Environmental Auding 325-338 15.1 Introduction 325 15.2 Methodology of Environmental Audit 326 15.3 Benefits 328 16 Statistics in Environmental Sciences 339-358 16.1Introduction 16.2 Presentation of Data 339 16.3 Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion 341 16.4 Measure of Dispersion or Measure of Spread 345 16.5 Variance 348 16.6 Correlation 349 16.7 Regression Analysis 352 16.8 Tests of Significance 352 16.9 Analysis of Variance 353 16.10 Experimental Designs 356 Bibliography 359-372 Annexures I to XIV 373-404 Index 405
9380156219
333.7 / AER