Hydrology and the management of watersheds
Brooks, Kenneth N. & others
Hydrology and the management of watersheds - Ed.2 - Iowa Iowa State Uni. Press 1997 - xiii,502p.
CONTENTS Preface xi Preface to Second Edition xi Definition of Terms xiii 1 Introduction 3 Watershed Management Strategies and Responses to Problems 4 Watershed Management: A Global Perspective 7 Watersheds, Ecosystem Management, and Cumulative Effects 12 Preventive Strategies: The Key to Watershed Management 14 PART I HYDROLOGIC PROCESSES AND LAND USE 17 2 Precipitation and Interception 19 Introduction 19 Moisture in the Atmosphere 19 Precipitation 22 Interception and Net Precipitation 34 Chemistry of Precipitation 41 Summary 42 3 Evapotranspiration and Soil Water Storage 43 Introduction 43 The Process 43 Evaporation from Soil 53 Transpiration 54 Potential Evapotranspiration 60 Estimating Actual Evapotranspiration 62 Summary 68 4 Infiltration, Runoff, and Streamflow 69 Introduction 69 Infiltration 69 Runoff and Streamflow 78 Streamflow Measurements 84 Summary 92 5 Groundwater 93 Introduction 93 Basic Concepts 93 Storage and Movement of Groundwater 95 Groundwater Development 98 Effects of Vegetation on Groundwater 106 Groundwater Quality 107 Summary 109 6 Vegetation Management, Water Yield, and Streamflow Pattern 111 Introduction 111 Vegetation Management for Water Yield 111 Vegetation Management and Streamflow Pattern 124 Cumulative Watershed Effects 132 Summary 134 PART 2 EROSION, SEDIMENT YIELD AND CHANNEL PROCESSES,WATER QUALITY AND LAND USE 137 7 Surface Erosion and Control of Erosion on Upland Watersheds 139 Introduction 139 The Erosion Process 139 Preventing Soil Erosion 143 Controlling Soil Erosion 144 Measurement of Surface Erosion 149 Prediction of Soil Loss 150 Summary 163 8 Gully Erosion, Soil Mass Movement, and Sand Dunes 165 Introduction 165 Gully Erosion 165 Soil Mass Movement 176 Sand Dunes 182 Summary 186 9 Sediment Yield, Channel Processes, and Stream Classification 187 Introduction 187 Sediment Yield 187 Channel Dynamics and Processes 197 Stream Classification 201 Summary 208 10 Water Quality 209 Introduction 209 Physical Characteristics of Surface Water 210 Dissolved Chemical Constituents 221 Bacteriological Quality 230 Water Quality Monitoring 231 Summary 233 PART 3 WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING 237 11 Watershed Management and the Multiple-Use Concept 239 Introduction 239 Meaning of Multiple Use 240 Objective of Multiple-Use Management 241 Types of Multiple-Use Management 241 Integrating Watershed Management and Multiple Use 242 Relationship of Ecosystem Management to Multiple Use 252 Summary 254 12 A Policy Perspective for Watershed Management 257 Introduction 257 The Policy Development Process 258 A Watershed Management Framework and Its Policy Implications 266 Summary 267 13 Planning Watershed Management 269 Introduction 269 The Planning Process: An Overview 269 Evaluating Past Activity and Identifying Problems 275 Identifying Constraints, Setting Objectives, and Developing Strategies 276 Identifying Alternative Action Plans to Implement Strategy 278 Appraising Alternatives 279 Recommending Action 283 Planning as a Continuous Process 283 Research and the Planning Process 283 Summary 285 14 Assessing Economic Impacts of Watershed Management 287 Introduction 287 The Distinction between Economic and Financial Efficiency 288 Time Value of Money, Discount Rate, and Present Value 289 Steps in the Economic Appraisal Process 290 Identifying and Quantifying Physical Inputs and Outputs 291 Valuing Inputs and Outputs 295 Comparing Costs and Benefits: Measures of Project Worth 299 Assessment of Nonmonetary Benefits and Costs 306 Summary 307 PART 4 SPECIAL TOPICS 309 15 Snow Hydrology 311 Introduction 311 Measurement of the Snow Resource 311 Snow Accumulation and Melt 314 Snowpack Chemistry 325 Forest Management-Snowpack Management Relationships 326 Methods for Predicting Snowpack-Snowmelt Relationships 333 Summary 336 16 Riparian and Wetland Systems 337 Introduction 337 Riparian Systems 340 Wetlands 353 Special Topics 358 Summary 364 17 Watershed Considerations for Engineering Applications 365 Introduction 365 Surface Water Development 365 Reservoirs 367 Small Hydropower Development 380 Flood Control 384 Summary 385 18 Water Harvesting 387 Introduction 387 Water-Harvesting Systems 387 Constraints and Strategies 395 Economic Considerations 398 Summary 399 PART 5 HYDROLOGIC METHODS AND TOOLS FOR WATERSHED ANALYSIS AND RESEARCH 401 19 Hydrologic Methods 403 Introduction 403 Criteria for Selecting Methods 403 Hydrologic Models 404 Simplified Methods and Models 406 Generalized Models 411 Modeling Hydrologic Effects of Watershed Modifications 422 Streamflow Frequency Analysis 424 Regional Analysis 431 Summary 432 20 Tools for Watershed Analysis and Research 433 Introduction 433 Field Methods 433 Statistical Methods 444 Computer Simulation Models 451 Geographic Information Systems 455 Summary 460 Appendix-Standard Conversion Factors from Metric to English Units 461 Cited References 463 General References 481 Index 489
0813822874
333.91 / BRO
Hydrology and the management of watersheds - Ed.2 - Iowa Iowa State Uni. Press 1997 - xiii,502p.
CONTENTS Preface xi Preface to Second Edition xi Definition of Terms xiii 1 Introduction 3 Watershed Management Strategies and Responses to Problems 4 Watershed Management: A Global Perspective 7 Watersheds, Ecosystem Management, and Cumulative Effects 12 Preventive Strategies: The Key to Watershed Management 14 PART I HYDROLOGIC PROCESSES AND LAND USE 17 2 Precipitation and Interception 19 Introduction 19 Moisture in the Atmosphere 19 Precipitation 22 Interception and Net Precipitation 34 Chemistry of Precipitation 41 Summary 42 3 Evapotranspiration and Soil Water Storage 43 Introduction 43 The Process 43 Evaporation from Soil 53 Transpiration 54 Potential Evapotranspiration 60 Estimating Actual Evapotranspiration 62 Summary 68 4 Infiltration, Runoff, and Streamflow 69 Introduction 69 Infiltration 69 Runoff and Streamflow 78 Streamflow Measurements 84 Summary 92 5 Groundwater 93 Introduction 93 Basic Concepts 93 Storage and Movement of Groundwater 95 Groundwater Development 98 Effects of Vegetation on Groundwater 106 Groundwater Quality 107 Summary 109 6 Vegetation Management, Water Yield, and Streamflow Pattern 111 Introduction 111 Vegetation Management for Water Yield 111 Vegetation Management and Streamflow Pattern 124 Cumulative Watershed Effects 132 Summary 134 PART 2 EROSION, SEDIMENT YIELD AND CHANNEL PROCESSES,WATER QUALITY AND LAND USE 137 7 Surface Erosion and Control of Erosion on Upland Watersheds 139 Introduction 139 The Erosion Process 139 Preventing Soil Erosion 143 Controlling Soil Erosion 144 Measurement of Surface Erosion 149 Prediction of Soil Loss 150 Summary 163 8 Gully Erosion, Soil Mass Movement, and Sand Dunes 165 Introduction 165 Gully Erosion 165 Soil Mass Movement 176 Sand Dunes 182 Summary 186 9 Sediment Yield, Channel Processes, and Stream Classification 187 Introduction 187 Sediment Yield 187 Channel Dynamics and Processes 197 Stream Classification 201 Summary 208 10 Water Quality 209 Introduction 209 Physical Characteristics of Surface Water 210 Dissolved Chemical Constituents 221 Bacteriological Quality 230 Water Quality Monitoring 231 Summary 233 PART 3 WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING 237 11 Watershed Management and the Multiple-Use Concept 239 Introduction 239 Meaning of Multiple Use 240 Objective of Multiple-Use Management 241 Types of Multiple-Use Management 241 Integrating Watershed Management and Multiple Use 242 Relationship of Ecosystem Management to Multiple Use 252 Summary 254 12 A Policy Perspective for Watershed Management 257 Introduction 257 The Policy Development Process 258 A Watershed Management Framework and Its Policy Implications 266 Summary 267 13 Planning Watershed Management 269 Introduction 269 The Planning Process: An Overview 269 Evaluating Past Activity and Identifying Problems 275 Identifying Constraints, Setting Objectives, and Developing Strategies 276 Identifying Alternative Action Plans to Implement Strategy 278 Appraising Alternatives 279 Recommending Action 283 Planning as a Continuous Process 283 Research and the Planning Process 283 Summary 285 14 Assessing Economic Impacts of Watershed Management 287 Introduction 287 The Distinction between Economic and Financial Efficiency 288 Time Value of Money, Discount Rate, and Present Value 289 Steps in the Economic Appraisal Process 290 Identifying and Quantifying Physical Inputs and Outputs 291 Valuing Inputs and Outputs 295 Comparing Costs and Benefits: Measures of Project Worth 299 Assessment of Nonmonetary Benefits and Costs 306 Summary 307 PART 4 SPECIAL TOPICS 309 15 Snow Hydrology 311 Introduction 311 Measurement of the Snow Resource 311 Snow Accumulation and Melt 314 Snowpack Chemistry 325 Forest Management-Snowpack Management Relationships 326 Methods for Predicting Snowpack-Snowmelt Relationships 333 Summary 336 16 Riparian and Wetland Systems 337 Introduction 337 Riparian Systems 340 Wetlands 353 Special Topics 358 Summary 364 17 Watershed Considerations for Engineering Applications 365 Introduction 365 Surface Water Development 365 Reservoirs 367 Small Hydropower Development 380 Flood Control 384 Summary 385 18 Water Harvesting 387 Introduction 387 Water-Harvesting Systems 387 Constraints and Strategies 395 Economic Considerations 398 Summary 399 PART 5 HYDROLOGIC METHODS AND TOOLS FOR WATERSHED ANALYSIS AND RESEARCH 401 19 Hydrologic Methods 403 Introduction 403 Criteria for Selecting Methods 403 Hydrologic Models 404 Simplified Methods and Models 406 Generalized Models 411 Modeling Hydrologic Effects of Watershed Modifications 422 Streamflow Frequency Analysis 424 Regional Analysis 431 Summary 432 20 Tools for Watershed Analysis and Research 433 Introduction 433 Field Methods 433 Statistical Methods 444 Computer Simulation Models 451 Geographic Information Systems 455 Summary 460 Appendix-Standard Conversion Factors from Metric to English Units 461 Cited References 463 General References 481 Index 489
0813822874
333.91 / BRO