Geographic information : value, pricing, production, and consumption
Longhorn, Roger A.
Geographic information : value, pricing, production, and consumption Book - London,Boston,New York etc CRC Press 2008 - xvi,230p.
Contents Preface.- ix Acknowledgments..- xiii About the Authors.- .xv Chapter 1Introduction ..- 1 1.1What is geographic information? ..2 1.2Is geographic information unique? 7 1.3Valuing information- 9 1.4The debate on charging for public sector geographic information 11 1.5Overview of the contents. 15 References ..- ..20 Chapter 2Determining the value of geographic information .23 2.1 Introduction- .. 23 2.1.1Information value is in the eye of the beholder 24 2.1.2What type of value to measure? .25 2.2 Valuing Geographic Information .29 2.2.1Value changes with time, purpose, and use 30 2.2.2The relationship between cost and value 31 2.2.3Value determined by class of ownership, public vs. private.- 31 2.2.4Summarizing issues in the GI value debate. 32 2.3 Value theory..- .34 2.4 The information market and the information economy ..35 2.4.1Information as an intangible asset ..36 2.4.2The role of technology and infrastructure..37 2.5 The value chain ..- 38 2.5.1The information value chain..39 2.5.2Which information value chain for GI740 2.6Different components of value for GI 42 2.6.1Value of the location attribute in GI 42 2.6.2Time dependency value of GI 43 2.6.3Value determined by cost savings..44 2.6.4Adding value via information management techniques and tools45 2.6.5Value due to legal or other mandatory use requirements. 45 2.6.6Value due to network effects ..46 2.6.7Value due to quality of an information resource ..46 2.7 Value of geographic information to economies and society.48 2.7.1Commercial value of GI 48 2.7.2Economic value of GI48 2.7.3Socioeconomic value of GI.49 2.7.4Valuing the economic contribution of public sector GI..50 2.7.5Value of GI as underpinning for other information and services.53 2.7.6Intangible benefits: value unquantifiable in monetary terms 53 2.8 The changing value of geographic information54 2.8.1Increasing the value of GI..54 2.8.2Restricting the value of GI. 55 2.8.3Value of GIS and other GI visualization systems..56 2.9 Conclusions- .. 58 References ..- ..58 Chapter 3The business of GI: No such thing as a free lunch ..63 3.1The turbulent interplay of price, cost, and value 63 3.2 Access, demand, resource, and information supply 67 3.3 Is there such a thing as an informational free lunch: the commons? . 70 3.4Resourcing the interfaces between supply, demand, and update. 76 3.5 Can a free lunch be sustained? 78 3.6Development, exploitation, and public investment 85 References ..- ..88 Chapter 4Pricing information: The interaction of mechanism and policy 95 4.1Pricing theories- .. 95 4.1.1First-degree price discrimination 95 4.1.2Second-degree price discrimination 96 4.1.3Third-degree price discrimination.. 97 4.2 Extending pricing theory.9- 8 4.2.1Zero-degree price discrimination ..99 4.2.2The consequences of underfunding national map production.. 101 4.3Pricing contexts: issues.. 103 4.4 Market positions and roles 105 4.4.1First mover advantage. 105 4.4.2Avoiding legacy systems problems 106 4.4.3Enjoying, protecting, or abusing a monopoly position 106 4.5 Pricing contexts: costing mechanisms109 4.5.1Time dependency in pricing 110 4.5.2Impact of payment strategies and technologies.. 110 4.5.3Strategies that circumvent pricing. 111l 4.6 Changing relationships between information producers and users 112 4.6.1Producers and service providers fight back 112 4.6.2Paying for exclusivity and protecting the brand. 113 4.7 Conclusion 115 References- . 116 Chapter 5Geographic information, globalization, and society .123 5.1 Introduction- 123 5.2 The ubiquity of GI.- 123 5.3 Sociotechnical implications of GI and GIS 126 5.4 Spatial data infrastructures: governance of GI and public sector information 130 5.5 GI globalization: mobility, location, and boundaries 135 5.6 Repurposing of GI: benefits and risks.. 138 5.7 Information overload, emergent societal spaces, and modernity 142 5.8 GI consumption: technology and property rights issues .. 146 References- . 148 Chapter 6Spatial data infrastructures: Policy, value, and cost-benefit..159 6.1Introduction to policy in spatial data infrastructure. 159 6.1.1Information policy 161 6.1.2Policy as product. 162 6.1.3Policy as process.. 163 6.2 Examples of SDI developments at national and regional levels.. 166 6.2.1SDI developments in the U.K 166 6.2.2SDI developments in the U.S 168 6.2.3Pan-European SDI developments.. 170 6.2.4Policy role in other SDI definitions 172 6.2.5 Summary of policy roles in SDI formation 175 6.3 Implementing SDI policy 175 6.3.1Policy vs. strategy 176 6.3.2 Policy conflict and harmonization 179 6.4 SDI cost-benefit issues..- .. 180 6.4.1Historical SDI CBA results 181 6.4.2SDI CBA methodologies.. 186 6.5 Samples of SDICBAstudies..1- 90 6.5.1Price Waterhouse Australian SDI study (1995) 191 6.5.2OXERA economic contribution of GI (1999) 192 6.5.3PIRA European PSI exploitation report (2000) 193 6.5.4INSPIRE extended impact assessment (2004). 194 6.5.5 U.S. national map cost-benefit analysis (2004) 195 6.5.6NASA/Booz Alien Hamilton: interoperability ROI (2005) 197 6.6 Conclusions and recommendations 199 References- .200 Chapter 7Conclusions and prospects ..205 7.1The debate is not concluded ..205 7.2Google: a free lunch? .20- 9 7.3Other fee-or-free contests and challenges 210 7.4Final lessons.- 212 References- . 214 Glossary and acronyms- . 217 Index221
0849334144
621.3678 / LON
Geographic information : value, pricing, production, and consumption Book - London,Boston,New York etc CRC Press 2008 - xvi,230p.
Contents Preface.- ix Acknowledgments..- xiii About the Authors.- .xv Chapter 1Introduction ..- 1 1.1What is geographic information? ..2 1.2Is geographic information unique? 7 1.3Valuing information- 9 1.4The debate on charging for public sector geographic information 11 1.5Overview of the contents. 15 References ..- ..20 Chapter 2Determining the value of geographic information .23 2.1 Introduction- .. 23 2.1.1Information value is in the eye of the beholder 24 2.1.2What type of value to measure? .25 2.2 Valuing Geographic Information .29 2.2.1Value changes with time, purpose, and use 30 2.2.2The relationship between cost and value 31 2.2.3Value determined by class of ownership, public vs. private.- 31 2.2.4Summarizing issues in the GI value debate. 32 2.3 Value theory..- .34 2.4 The information market and the information economy ..35 2.4.1Information as an intangible asset ..36 2.4.2The role of technology and infrastructure..37 2.5 The value chain ..- 38 2.5.1The information value chain..39 2.5.2Which information value chain for GI740 2.6Different components of value for GI 42 2.6.1Value of the location attribute in GI 42 2.6.2Time dependency value of GI 43 2.6.3Value determined by cost savings..44 2.6.4Adding value via information management techniques and tools45 2.6.5Value due to legal or other mandatory use requirements. 45 2.6.6Value due to network effects ..46 2.6.7Value due to quality of an information resource ..46 2.7 Value of geographic information to economies and society.48 2.7.1Commercial value of GI 48 2.7.2Economic value of GI48 2.7.3Socioeconomic value of GI.49 2.7.4Valuing the economic contribution of public sector GI..50 2.7.5Value of GI as underpinning for other information and services.53 2.7.6Intangible benefits: value unquantifiable in monetary terms 53 2.8 The changing value of geographic information54 2.8.1Increasing the value of GI..54 2.8.2Restricting the value of GI. 55 2.8.3Value of GIS and other GI visualization systems..56 2.9 Conclusions- .. 58 References ..- ..58 Chapter 3The business of GI: No such thing as a free lunch ..63 3.1The turbulent interplay of price, cost, and value 63 3.2 Access, demand, resource, and information supply 67 3.3 Is there such a thing as an informational free lunch: the commons? . 70 3.4Resourcing the interfaces between supply, demand, and update. 76 3.5 Can a free lunch be sustained? 78 3.6Development, exploitation, and public investment 85 References ..- ..88 Chapter 4Pricing information: The interaction of mechanism and policy 95 4.1Pricing theories- .. 95 4.1.1First-degree price discrimination 95 4.1.2Second-degree price discrimination 96 4.1.3Third-degree price discrimination.. 97 4.2 Extending pricing theory.9- 8 4.2.1Zero-degree price discrimination ..99 4.2.2The consequences of underfunding national map production.. 101 4.3Pricing contexts: issues.. 103 4.4 Market positions and roles 105 4.4.1First mover advantage. 105 4.4.2Avoiding legacy systems problems 106 4.4.3Enjoying, protecting, or abusing a monopoly position 106 4.5 Pricing contexts: costing mechanisms109 4.5.1Time dependency in pricing 110 4.5.2Impact of payment strategies and technologies.. 110 4.5.3Strategies that circumvent pricing. 111l 4.6 Changing relationships between information producers and users 112 4.6.1Producers and service providers fight back 112 4.6.2Paying for exclusivity and protecting the brand. 113 4.7 Conclusion 115 References- . 116 Chapter 5Geographic information, globalization, and society .123 5.1 Introduction- 123 5.2 The ubiquity of GI.- 123 5.3 Sociotechnical implications of GI and GIS 126 5.4 Spatial data infrastructures: governance of GI and public sector information 130 5.5 GI globalization: mobility, location, and boundaries 135 5.6 Repurposing of GI: benefits and risks.. 138 5.7 Information overload, emergent societal spaces, and modernity 142 5.8 GI consumption: technology and property rights issues .. 146 References- . 148 Chapter 6Spatial data infrastructures: Policy, value, and cost-benefit..159 6.1Introduction to policy in spatial data infrastructure. 159 6.1.1Information policy 161 6.1.2Policy as product. 162 6.1.3Policy as process.. 163 6.2 Examples of SDI developments at national and regional levels.. 166 6.2.1SDI developments in the U.K 166 6.2.2SDI developments in the U.S 168 6.2.3Pan-European SDI developments.. 170 6.2.4Policy role in other SDI definitions 172 6.2.5 Summary of policy roles in SDI formation 175 6.3 Implementing SDI policy 175 6.3.1Policy vs. strategy 176 6.3.2 Policy conflict and harmonization 179 6.4 SDI cost-benefit issues..- .. 180 6.4.1Historical SDI CBA results 181 6.4.2SDI CBA methodologies.. 186 6.5 Samples of SDICBAstudies..1- 90 6.5.1Price Waterhouse Australian SDI study (1995) 191 6.5.2OXERA economic contribution of GI (1999) 192 6.5.3PIRA European PSI exploitation report (2000) 193 6.5.4INSPIRE extended impact assessment (2004). 194 6.5.5 U.S. national map cost-benefit analysis (2004) 195 6.5.6NASA/Booz Alien Hamilton: interoperability ROI (2005) 197 6.6 Conclusions and recommendations 199 References- .200 Chapter 7Conclusions and prospects ..205 7.1The debate is not concluded ..205 7.2Google: a free lunch? .20- 9 7.3Other fee-or-free contests and challenges 210 7.4Final lessons.- 212 References- . 214 Glossary and acronyms- . 217 Index221
0849334144
621.3678 / LON